A high rate of errors of citation and quotation has been reported in the publications of many medical specialties. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of citation and quotation errors in otolaryngology/head and neck surgery journals. A retrospective analysis was performed based on the first issue for 1997 of each of four journals: Laryngoscope; Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology; Clinical Otolaryngyology; and Journal of Laryngology and Otology. A sample of 50 references from each journal was randomly selected and each was checked for accuracy against the original referenced paper. Citation errors were categorized as major, intermediate or minor and quotation errors as major or minor. Citation errors occurred in 37.5% of the references, 11.9% of which were considered major errors. Quotation errors occurred in 17%, with 11.1% major errors. This prevalence is similar to the established error rate in medical literature.
Objectives-To describe (1) the characteristics of attenders to an urban accident and emergency (A&E) department over a one year period according to the frequency of their attendance and (2) the features of their attendances according to the frequency which the patient attended the department during the study period. Methods-A dataset containing information on all new attendances to an urban A&E department in 1995 was formed. For each attendance the following information was recorded: day of the week, hour of attendance, referral source, triage category, and disposal. A second dataset, consisting ofthe individuals ("attenders") who made the A&E visits ("attendances") during 1995 was also produced. Frequent attenders to accident and emergency (A&E) departments are considered problematical for various reasons, including their effect on departmental workload and waiting times, presentation of multiple chronic health problems not readily treatable on an emergency basis, and their origin from perceived socially stigmatised groups.' Most studies that focus specifically on this group are from the United States or Scandinavia and usually arbitrarily define frequent attenders as those with more than three visits in a 12 month period.2 We therefore thought it appropriate to conduct a study of A&E attenders at a hospital in the British Isles and to use a methodology reviewing the trends of frequency of attendance, rather than an arbitrary cut off point.The objectives of this paper are to describe: (1) the characteristics of attenders to an urban A&E department over a one year period according to the frequency of their attendance and (2) the features of their attendances according to the frequency which the patient attended the department during the study period.
This study compares the usefulness of the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for students on post-registration nursing courses. We searched for nine topics, using title words only. Identical searches of the two databases retrieved 1162 references, of which 88% were in MEDLINE, 33% in CINAHL and 20% in both sources. The relevance of the references was assessed by student reviewers. The positive predictive value of CINAHL (70%) was higher than that of MEDLINE (54%), but MEDLINE produced more than twice as many relevant references as CINAHL. The sensitivity of MEDLINE was 85% (95% CI 82-88%), and that of CINAHL was 41% (95% CI 37-45%). To assess the ease of obtaining the references, we developed an index of accessibility, based on the holdings of a number of Irish and British libraries. Overall, 47% of relevant references were available in the students' own library, and 64% could be obtained within 48 hours. There was no difference between the two databases overall, but when two topics relating specifically to the organization of nursing were excluded, references found in MEDLINE were significantly more accessible. We recommend that MEDLINE should be regarded as the first choice of bibliographic database for any subject other than one related strictly to the organization of nursing.
Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 recommends that risk assessments are undertaken by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in an independent, objective and transparent manner, on the basis of all available scientific information and data. The systematic review (SR) method implemented by EFSA to inform risk assessment models ensures a methodologically rigorous stepwise process, minimising biases and emphasising transparency and reproducibility. To minimise bias, SRs include an extensive literature search. Locating all relevant information sources can be problematic and missing relevant scientific information may influence SR conclusions. The EFSA Scientific Assessment Support Unit contracted YHEC (CFT/EFSA/SAS/2011/03) to produce five deliverables to support literature searching to inform SRs of food and feed safety. This report describes the development of an inventory of information sources of relevance to systematic reviews of food and feed safety. The inventory uses a metadata schema to record information about each information source. 376 candidate information sources were identified from the EFSA SAS inventory of information sources and other catalogues and websites. The selection of information sources to include in the EFSA inventory were determined using selection criteria (1) relevance to EFSA research areas (2) currency of information in the information source (3) provision of searchable bibliographic data records or full text reports of research and (4) be accessible to EFSA staff. Metadata were identified and recorded in an Excel spreadsheet for the 199 information sources meeting these four criteria. © York Health Economics Consortium KEY WORDSliterature searching, inventory, systematic reviews, information sources, databases, relative recall. DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in ...
Without prioritized use of available resources, inappropriately delayed responses to critical incidents will continue. Recommendations are made to improve the effectiveness of emergency medical service utilisation.
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