Objectives Sleep disorders are common in end-stage renal disease patients. This study examined the relationship between self-reported quality of sleep (QoS) and certain psychosocial domains for patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods The study subjects included 190 PD patients from 7 urban dialysis clinics in Northern Taiwan, from whom we obtained biochemical parameters and demographic data. QoS, quality of life (QoL), religious/spiritual activity, and depression were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) for QoL, the Royal Free Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory, respectively. Results The average PSQI score was 9.1 ± 4.1 and, in total, 85.8% of all patients were poor sleepers (global PSQI ≥ 5). There was no difference in age, gender, and mode or duration of PD between good and poor sleepers. Biochemical data did not differ between the two groups. Widowed patients experienced significantly poorer QoS than patients with other marital status (PSQI scores: 12.3 ± 4.9 vs 8.88 ± 4.0, p = 0.006). The percentage of patients that held a bachelor's degree or above was significantly higher in good sleepers (55.6% vs 29.4%, p = 0.008). The PSQI value correlated negatively with the QoL scale in both physical ( r = –0.295, p < 0.001) and mental domains ( r = –0.410, p < 0.001), and correlated positively with the depression scale ( r = 0.351, p < 0.001). There appeared to be no association between QoS and spiritual/religious activity ( r = –0.097, p = 0.223). Conclusions Psychosocial factors including depression, patients’ perceptions regarding QoL, marital status, and educational background correlated significantly to the subjective QoS for PD patients. When dealing with sleep disorders in PD patients, physicians should pay considerable attention to their psychosocial backgrounds.
Natural iron-intercalated clays and waste cinder (from steel industry) were converted into an ef®cient catalyst by electrochemical formation of Prussian blue (PB) directly inside the matrix. The basic electrochemical features for the PB-modi®ed electrodes were investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry technique, in terms of E fwhm , surface charge (q), surface excess (G), site-site interaction model, and ®lm resistivity (R f ), etc. The iron intercalated PB electrodes show superior electrochemical activity and stability over the classical GCE/PB electrodes and were analyzed by the interaction parameter`r'. The more ef®cient electrocatalytic function of the iron intercalated PB electrodes than the GCE/PB was demonstrated with guanine oxidation reaction.Keywords: Clay, Cinder, Prussian blue, GuanineWe report here the ®rst electrochemical evidence for the formation of Prussian blue (PB) directly inside the natural ironriched materials of nontronite and cinder. Earlier studies on clay modi®ed electrodes (CMEs) in the presence of Fe(CN) 6 3À focussed only on the interfacial surface characterization of the modi®ed clays [1±8]. Neither the clay ®lm formed by rapid drying nor the spin-coated CMEs showed the PB formation on the intercalated iron ions [1±8]. Since only a very small amount of clay can be deposited on the electrode surface, the concentration of iron available for PB formation is even lower. Furthermore, the CME prepared by simple evaporation technique has highly porous aerogel structures and the ®lms eventuallỳ`s loughed off'' as platelet to platelet distance increased to a minimum of energy interaction due to osmotic swelling in aqueous solutions [9]. Indeed, the nature of making the electrode, the amount of the material, and its operating concentration, etc., make a crucial modi®cation in the interfacial-structures that may in¯uence the PB formation.In this study, we solve the above problems by preparing the clay=carbon paste electrode (clay=CPE) and cinder=carbon paste electrode (cinder=CPE), which contain a relatively higher amount of clay or cinder. Two natural iron-riched modi®ers of nontronite, [(Si 7.25 , and industrial waste cinder were speci®cally used in this study. The iron content of cinder was experimentally determined as 7272.8 ppm=g by atomic absorption spectroscopy. To verify the iron-carbon intercalated nature of the cinder powders, same measurements were also done for 1 M HNO 3 treated (ca. 2 h at 60 C) cinder powders. The result of 6921.1 ppm=g is only about a 5 % decrease in iron content con®rming the expectation. Another one of the most studied smectite clays, [montmorillonite, (Si 7.84 Note that, even though the amount of iron centers in nontronite is about 7.2 times greater than that in montmorillonite, nontronite has isomorphous substitution in the tetrahedral sheet and montmorillonite is a dioctahedral mineral with substitution mainly in the octahedral sheet [10,11]. Figure 1 shows the continuous cyclic voltammetric (CV) response of the SWa-1=CPE, SWy-1=CPE, and cinde...
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