or proximity sensor [7] have been widely applied in safe human-machine interac tion, [8] environmental monitoring, [9] and healthcare management. [10] Unlike conventional sensor platforms that deliver one or two sensing function alities by separate devices, multimodal sensors endeavor to integrate multiple physical or chemical perceptions into a single device, and thus endow individuals with superior intelligence and interac tivity. [11] For instance, Jung et al. demon strated a flexible sensor array capable of detecting pressure and temperature based on piezoresistive and thermoelectric effects, respectively. [12] Temperature and pressure sensing arrays are separated by an insulating film to ensure independent measurements. Similar functions were achieved in a more delicate fingertip shaped resistive sensor, [13] where mate rial tuning and strain isolation reduced coupling between measured variables. To further promote the versatility of sensors, Zhao et al. integrated strain, pressure, and proximity percep tions into a stretchable capacitor array, realizing contact and noncontact interactions. [14] In addition, multiple sensory modal ities were also applied in plant growth management. Takei et al. proposed a flexible sensor sheet mainly based on ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheets for optical, humidity, and temperature measure ments. [15] Nevertheless, additional efforts should be made to bypass relatively complicated fabrications accompanied by intri cate 3D structures. [13,14,16,17] Printing methods are considered as a versatile category of fabrication technologies to realize functional flexible elec tronics, including screen printing, inkjet printing and dispenser printing, etc. Their merits of customized prototyping, facile manufacturing steps and scalable fabrication [18,19] are prom ising to overcome the sophisticated fabrications for multimodal sensors. Besides, most printing technologies rely on human friendly functional inks rather than hazard chemicals [20,21] (e.g., photoresists or etchants in photolithography). Therefore, the printingbased scheme is environmentfriendly and has the potential to massively produce intelligent multimodal sensors for daily applications.To extend the functionality of multimodal sensors while maintaining facile fabrication processes and overall perfor mance after integration, a trimodal sensor sheet that can be fully manufactured by printing technologies is proposed. It integrates 4 × 4 pressure sensor units, 2 × 2 temperature sensor Flexible multimodal sensors are an indispensable part of Internet of Things for human-machine interfaces, health monitoring, and soft robots. Despite tremendous research efforts dedicated to high sensitivity, flexibility, and multifunctionality, these merits are conventionally accompanied with sophisticated fabrications that hinder practical applications. Herein, a fully printed flexible trimodal sensor sheet containing 4 × 4 pressure sensor units, 2 × 2 temperature sensor units, and 1 proximity sensor unit is proposed. Its elaborate structure featured by a...
Multifunctional Sensor Sheet In article number 2100616, Kaichen Xu, Geng Yang, and colleagues propose a multifunctional sensor sheet that responds to both pressure and temperature stimuli. The pressure sensing function is expressed here by lightening, and the temperature sensing function is shown in the style of thermal image in rainbow colors. This sensor sheet can be facilely and massively fabricated for a variety of applications.
Flexible and wearable humidity sensors play a vital role in daily point-of-care diagnosis and noncontact human-machine interactions. However, achieving a facile and high-speed fabrication approach to realizing flexible humidity sensors remains a challenge. In this work, a wearable capacitive-type Ga 2 O 3 /liquid metal-based humidity sensor is demonstrated by a one-step laser direct writing technique. Owing to the photothermal effect of laser, the Ga 2 O 3 -wrapped liquid metal particles can be selectively sintered and converted from insulative to conductive traces with a resistivity of 0.19 Ω•cm, while the untreated regions serve as active sensing layers in response to moisture changes. Under 95% relative humidity, the humidity sensor displays a highly stable performance along with rapid response and recover time. Utilizing these superior properties, the Ga 2 O 3 /liquid metal-based humidity sensor is able to monitor human respiration rate, as well as skin moisture of the palm under different physiological states for healthcare monitoring.
Background Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21 (T21), is the most common genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability. There are two methods commonly used for prenatal testing of DS: serum screening (SS) for biomarkers in maternal serum and noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy by cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma. However, cost-effectiveness analyses of these two methods are mostly based on data derived from simulations with various models, with theoretical values calculated. In this study, we statistically analyzed clinical DS screening data and pregnancy outcomes during the follow-up of pregnant women in Zhuhai City, China. The economics of the two mainstream prenatal DS screening methods was evaluated from a public health perspective. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 17,363 pregnant women who received SS and NIPT during gestation in Zhuhai from 2018 to 2019, and a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed with four screening strategies. In strategy I, all pregnant women received SS, and those with T21 risk ≥1/270 had invasive prenatal diagnosis (IPD). In strategy II, all pregnant women received SS, those with T21 risk ≥ 1/270 had IPD, and those with 1/270 > T21 risk ≥ 1/1,000 had NIPT; then, women at high risk based on NIPT also had IPD. In strategy III, all pregnant women received SS, and those with T21 risk ≥1,000 had NIPT; then, women at high risk based on NIPT results had IPD. In strategy IV, all pregnant women received NIPT and those at high risk based on NIPT results had IPD. Finally, to assess the cost and effectiveness of DS screening, the total costs were calculated as the sum of screening and diagnosis as well as the direct and indirect economic burden during the average life cycle of DS patients. Results A total of 22 of the 17,363 (1/789) pregnant women had DS, of which only one woman was over 35 years of age. SS detected 1,024 cases at high risk of T21 (≥1/270), 8 cases were true positive, with a positive predictive value of 0.78% and a detection rate of 36.4%. NIPT detected 27 cases at high risk of T21 (Z ≥ 3) and 22 cases of DS, with a positive predictive value of 81.5% and a detection rate of 100%. Strategy I had the largest total cost of 65.54 million CNY, strategy II and III had similar total costs of 40 million CNY, and strategy IV had the lowest total cost of 14.91 million CNY. By comparison, the screening strategy with NIPT alone had the highest health economic value for DS. Conclusions SS was greatly affected by nuchal translucency and the accuracy of gestational age measured by ultrasonography. Unstandardized ultrasonography was an important reason for the low DS detection rate with SS. The influence of interfering factors on NIPT was much lower than in SS. NIPT can be used as an alternative to SS and as a primary screening strategy of prenatal DS screening for secondary prevention and control of birth defects. NIPT greatly decreased the frequency of IPD and the miscarriages associated with IPD, saved the limited medical and health resources, and greatly increased DS detection rate. Therefore, NIPT has great social and economic benefits.
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