Morphologically similarAphelenchoidesspp. populations extracted from rice and forage grass seeds from different geographical regions in Brazil were morphologically and molecularly characterised. Overall, the populations studied separated into two groups based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, referred to herein as ‘Group-rice’ and ‘Group-forage’. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of SSU, LSU and mtCOI regions strongly supported the presence of two dichotomous groups with Group-rice and Group-forage populations genetically similar toA. besseyiandA. fujianensis, respectively. This study reports the presence of a morphologically similar species toA. besseyiassociated with seeds of grasses, but genetically distinct based on three genomic regions, which our results strongly suggest to beA. fujianensis, this being a new geographical record for Brazil. Additional information regarding spicule morphology of maleA. besseyiis also reported.

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Summary Pratylenchus brachyurus is considered one of the most important plant pathogens of soybean and corn in Brazil, mainly found in areas where no-tillage is practised. Nematophagous fungi are used as an alternative for chemical nematicides in the management of nematodes that affect these crops in Brazil. This study evaluated the fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia, Trichoderma sp. and Duddingtonia flagrans for the biocontrol of P. brachyurus in soybean and corn. The first and second experiments were carried out using soybean, and five isolates of P. chlamydosporia (Pc-3, Pc-4, Pc-10, Pc-35 and Pc-49), one of Trichoderma sp. (T-10), an isolate of D. flagrans (AC001) and a mix (MIX) of all the isolates. In the third experiment using corn, three isolates of P. chlamydosporia (Pc-3, Pc-10 and Pc-35) and one isolate of Trichoderma sp. (T-10) were compared. In the first experiment, the isolates Pc-3, Pc-10, Pc-35 and T-10 reduced the total population of P. brachyurus up to 43.7% when compared with the control treatment. In the second experiment, the isolates Pc-10, T-10 and the MIX reduced the total population of P. brachyurus up to 58.7% when compared with the control. In the third experiment, the isolates reduced the total population of P. brachyurus in corn when compared with the control treatment, except for D. flagrans, which was not able to control P. brachyurus in any experiment. The P. chlamydosporia (Pc-3, Pc-10, Pc-35) and Trichoderma sp. (T-10) isolates were shown to be promising for the control of P. brachyurus in soybean and corn.

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