With the acceleration of the Belt and Road Initiative, Poland–China agricultural trade has increasingly strengthened, but there is little exchange or cooperation in agricultural machinery. China’s agricultural UAV industry has flourished over the past 7 years. In China, by using typical food crops and economic crops to control diseases and pests, agricultural drones can reduce the use of fertilizer, pesticides, and water, improve operational efficiency, open up new markets through the ‘sale + services’ mode, and reduce production costs and labor shortages. The spraying of agricultural UAVs and related pest-disease-defense services applied in China are also suitable for Poland’s decentralized, small-scale production modes. By learning from China’s development progress of precision-agriculture aviation, Poland can develop 5th-generation (5G) unmanned intelligent organic farms from traditional organic agriculture, use agricultural UAVs in the spraying of Plant Protection Products (PPPs), and carry out special protection or loss management on typical fruits. Furthermore, by building its own spraying system, aviation industry, and service team, Poland can realize resource optimization, technological empowerment, application expansion, and industrial innovation. Therefore, this paper focuses on the development experience of Chinese agricultural UAVs and discusses its enlightenment to the precision-agriculture aviation application of Poland.

We developed a comprehensive training module for the undergraduates majoring in chemical education with a simple microfluidic experiment. The students were required to read a scientific reference offered by the instructor, then design and implement a microfluidic experiment for real sample analysis by making some modifications to the method described in the reference. Finally, the students were required to evaluate the analytical results with a standard method and write an experimental report. This reading−designing−implementing−evaluating−writing (RDIEW) module aims to enhance the students' experimental skills as well as their abilities at designing experiments and reading English scientific literature. More importantly, the concept of microfluidic analysis was successfully introduced to the undergraduates majoring in chemical education by this training module, which may facilitate the introduction of microfluidic devices to chemistry courses at high schools. This 1 week (3 h per day) module was developed for the undergraduates majoring in chemical education at the sixth semester. The feedback from the students indicated that the learning objectives of this training module were met.

Multispectral technology has a wide range of applications in agriculture. By obtaining spectral information during crop production, key information such as growth, pests and diseases, fertilizer and pesticide application can be determined quickly, accurately and efficiently. The scientific analysis based on Web of Science aims to understand the research hotspots and areas of interest in the field of agricultural multispectral technology. The publications related to agricultural multispectral research in agriculture between 2002 and 2021 were selected as the research objects. The softwares of CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel were used to provide a comprehensive review of agricultural multispectral research in terms of research areas, institutions, influential journals, and core authors. Results of the analysis show that the number of publications increased each year, with the largest increase in 2019. Remote sensing, imaging technology, environmental science, and ecology are the most popular research directions. The journal Remote Sensing is one of the most popular publishers, showing a high publishing potential in multispectral research in agriculture. The institution with the most research literature and citations is the USDA. In terms of the number of papers, Mtanga is the author with the most published articles in recent years. Through keyword co-citation analysis, it is determined that the main research areas of this topic focus on remote sensing, crop classification, plant phenotypes and other research areas. The literature co-citation analysis indicates that the main research directions concentrate in vegetation index, satellite remote sensing applications and machine learning modeling. There is still a lot of room for development of multi-spectrum technology. Further development can be carried out in the areas of multi-device synergy, spectral fusion, airborne equipment improvement, and real-time image processing technology, which will cooperate with each other to further play the role of multi-spectrum in agriculture and promote the development of agriculture.

Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was determined in pigs and broilers after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), or oral (p.o.) administration at a single dose of five (pigs) or 10 mg/kg (broilers). Plasma concentration profiles were analyzed by a compartmental pharmacokinetic method. Following i.v., i.m. and p.o. doses, the elimination half-lives (t(1/2beta)) were 17.14 +/- 4.14, 25.79 +/- 8.10, 16.67 +/- 4.04 (pigs) and 6.11 +/- 1.50, 5.64 +/- 0.74, 8.20 +/- 3.12 h (broilers), respectively. After single i.m. and p.o. administration, difloxacin was rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of 1.77 +/- 0.66, 2.29 +/- 0.85 (pigs) and 2.51 +/- 0.36, 1.00 +/- 0.21 microg/mL (broilers) attained at t(max) of 1.29 +/- 0.26, 1.41 +/- 0.88 (pigs) and 0.86 +/- 0.4, 4.34 +/- 2.40 h (broilers), respectively. Bioavailabilities (F) were (95.3 +/- 28.9)% and (105.7 +/- 37.1)% (pigs) and (77.0 +/- 11.8)% and (54.2 +/- 12.6)% (broilers) after i.m. and p.o. doses, respectively. Apparent distribution volumes(V(d(area))) of 4.91 +/- 1.88 and 3.10 +/- 0.67 L/kg and total body clearances(Cl(B)) of 0.20 +/- 0.06 and 0.37 +/- 0.10 L/kg/h were determined in pigs and broilers, respectively. Areas under the curve (AUC), the half-lives of both absorption and distribution(t(1/2ka), t(1/2alpha)) were also determined. Based on the single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters determined, multiple dosage regimens were recommended as: a dosage of 5 mg/kg given intramuscularly every 24 h in pigs, or administered orally every 24 h at the dosage of 10 mg/kg in broilers, can maintain effective plasma concentrations with bacteria infections, in which MIC(90) are <0.25 microg/mL and <0.1 microg/mL respectively.

Aerial electrostatic spray technology for agriculture is the integration of precision agricultural aviation and electrostatic spray technology. It is one of the research topics that have been paid close attention to by scholars in the field of agricultural aviation. This study summarizes the development of airborne electrostatic spray technology for agricultural use in China, including the early research and exploration of Chinese institutions and researchers in the aspects of nozzle structure design optimization and theoretical simulation. The research progress of UAV-based aerial electrostatic spray technology for agricultural use in China was expounded from the aspects of nozzle modification, technical feasibility study, influencing mechanism of various factors, and field efficiency tests. According to the current development of agricultural UAVs and the characteristics of the farmland environment in China, the UAV-based aerial electrostatic spray technology, which carries the airborne electrostatic spray system on the plant protection UAVs, has a wide potential in the future. At present, the application of UAV-based aerial electrostatic spray technology has yet to be further improved due to several factors, such as the optimization of the test technology for charged droplets, the impact of UAV rotor wind field, comparison study on charging modes, and the lack of technical accumulation in the research of aerial electrostatic spray technology. With the continuous improvement of the research system of agricultural aviation electrostatic spray technology, UAV-based electrostatic spray technology will give play to the advantages in increasing the droplets deposition on the target and reducing environmental pollution from the application of pesticides. This study is capable of providing a reference for the development of the UAV-based agricultural electrostatic spray technology and the spray equipment.

<p>Metaverse is a word of great concern in the second half of 2021. What is Metaverse, what is its technical essence and what kind of philosophical significance? These problems are not clear at present. In terms of connotation, the Metaverse is a broader space formed by the integration of the natural universe and the virtual universe. In the future, human beings will walk freely between the natural universe and the virtual universe. From the technical perspective, Metaverse is a general term for the comprehensive integration of information space-time formed by a series of new information technologies such as Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and blockchainfrom the perspective of philosophical essence, the Metaverse gives full play to people’s subjective initiative, so that people can use the world’s data and information to reconstruct a virtual new universe, surpass various natural and social constraints of the natural universe and carry out free ideological innovation. People can even become a new “creator”, resulting in new cosmology, body and mind, creation, cognition and ethics</p>

The pulsed current charging has been proposed in the literature to improve the performance and maximize the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries by eliminating concentration polarization and improving the active material utilization. However, there are few studies on this charging technique, and some of them hold opposite opinions. Moreover, the effect of the pulsed current is inconclusive due to the changeable current profile and conditions. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to prove that the pulsed charging current under suitable conditions can improve the performance and extend the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries.Various pulsed current charging modes and their effects on battery performance and lifetime are reviewed. Moreover, the main factor that impacts the battery performance and lifetime are analysis and discussed according to the previous studies.The effects of pulsed current on the charging performance of batteries are experimentally investigated. The considered conditions include current modes, frequency, duty cycle, amplitude, and temperature. The main factors that impact the performance of batteries (i.e., obtained capacity, maximum rising temperature, and charging time) are analyzed and discussed. The results illustrate that the pulsed current has no significant effect on the improvement of the performance of batteries.The effects of the pulsed current charging at a frequency range between 0.05 Hz and 2 kHz on battery lifetime are studied through aging tests. Compared to the traditional Constant Current (CC) charging, the pulsed current can extend the lifetime, where the PPC charging at 2 kHz can improve the lifetime up to 105.5%. Moreover, the impacts of pulsed current charging on the degradation mode of batteries are determined by a two-stage degradation model. The results of the Internal Resistance (IR) evolution and the changes in Incremental Capacity Analysis (ICA) curves are presented to comprehensively analyze the effect of the pulsed current on battery lifetime.The scientific contribution of this work is summarized as follows: the pulsed current charging has no significant improvement in performance but can significantly extend the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries, by more than 100%.

What is the Metaverse actually? It is an important issue in the terms of theory and practice with huge controversy. Regarding the Metaverse from a philosophical point of view, it could better highlight the inner essence behind the controversy of representation. From the connotation view, it is a digital mapping and mirror world of universe. Extensively, it is a comprehensive integration of digital information technologies. In the view of philosophy, it is an artificial universe created by human beings with digital technology, which is digital universe corresponding to the real universe. In the view of spiritual philosophy, it is a cosmic brain created by human beings with wisdom of natural universe, which is a cosmic heart for the body of natural universe. In the view of cognitive philosophy, it is a digital universe that recognizes everything, and a digital laboratory for human innovation and creation.