31Background 32Gut microbiota plays an essential role in bee's health. To elucidate the effect of food 33and Nosema ceranae infection on the gut microbiota of honeybee Apis cerana, we 34 used 16S rRNA sequencing to survey the gut microbiota of honeybee workers fed 35 with sugar water or beebread and inoculated with or without N. ceranae. 36 Results 37The gut microbiota of A. cerana is dominated by Serratia, Snodgrassella, and 38Lactobacillus genera. The overall gut microbiota diversity was significantly 39 differential by food type. The N. ceranae infection significantly affects the gut 40 microbiota only at bees fed with sugar water. Higher abundance of Lactobacillus, 41Gluconacetobacter and Snodgrassella and lower abundance of Serratia were found in 42 bees fed with beebread than with sugar water. N. ceranae infection led to higher 43 abundance of Snodgrassella and lower abundance of Serratia in sugar-fed bees. 44 Imputed bacterial KEGG pathways showed the significant metagenomics functional 45 differences by feeding and N. ceranae infections. Furthermore, A. cerana workers fed 46 with sugar water showed lower N. ceranae spore loads but higher mortality than those 47 fed with beebread. The cumulative mortality was strongly positive correlated 48 (rho=0.61) with the changes of overall microbiota dissimilarities by N. ceranae 49 infection. 50 Conclusions 51Both food and N. ceranae infection significantly affect the gut microbiota in A. 52 cerana workers. Beebread feeding not only provide better nutrition but also help 53 establish a more stabled gut microbiota therefore protect bee in response to N. 54 ceranae infection. 55 56 57 58 59 60 3 / 24 Abstract Importance 61Gut microbiota plays an essential role in bee's health. Scientific evidence suggests the 62 diet and infection can affect the gut microbiota and modulate the gut health, however 63 the interplay between those two factors and bee gut microbiota is not well known. In 64 this study, we used high-throughput sequencing method to monitor the changes of gut 65 microbiota by both food intake and the Nosema ceranae infection. Our result showed 66 that the gut microbiota composition and diversity of Asia Honeybee was significantly 67 associated with both food intake and the N. ceranae infection. More interestingly, 68 bees fed with beebread showed higher microbiota stability and less mortality than 69 those fed with sugar water when infected by N. ceranae . Those data suggest the 70 potential role of beebread, not only providing better nutrition but also helping 71 establish a more stabled gut microbiota to protect bee against N. ceranae infection. 72 73 74
We read with great interest in the October issue of PACE a report by Raitt and colleaguesd escribing a new, unsuspected aortic valve mass (presumably a thrombus) detected on routine echocardiography performed 20 hours after radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of a left-sided accessory pathway in a 49-year-old man. Though a welcome report during this early stage of RF catheter ablation, we do not find justified the authors' suggestion for a need to "perform echocardiography before and after all left-sided RF catheter ablation procedures." The elevated white blood cell count (22,600) and temperature (38.4°C) noted in the patient might have alerted the physician so that the use of echocardiography in this case could have been justified and not seen as "routine. " We recently reported a multicenter, prospective evaluation of the use of routine echocardiography after uncomplicated RF catheter ablation of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (SVT).^ Among 124 consecutive patients, there were no cases of intracavitary (or aortic valve) thrombus post-ablation. Mild (1+) aortic and mitral regurgitation were detected in 11 patients, mild wall motion abnormalities were noted in 3 patients, and 1 patient developed a small pericardial effusion. In some cases pre-ablation echocardiographic findings were absent post-ablation. These findings were not related to the type of or approach to ablation.Given our results^ and the relatively small short-term complication rate associated with RF catheter ablation of SVT,^ the routine use of postablation echocardiography after an uncomplicated case should not be encouraged based on this single case report. References 1. Raitt MH, Schwaegler B, Pearlman AS, et al. Development of an aortic valve mass after radiofrequency catheter ablation. PACE 1993; 16:2064-2066. 2. Pires LA, Wagshal AB, Yong PG, et al. Clinical utility of 2D echocEirdiography after uncomplicated radiofrequency catheter ablation-A prospective, multicenter study, (abstract) Circulation 1993; 88:1-61. 3. Kay GN, Epstein AE, Dailey SM, et al. Role of radiofrequency ablation in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias: Experience in 760 consecutive patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1993; 4: 371-389.Reply to the Editor:We appreciate the comments of Dr. Pires, et al. They correctly point out that the development of an aortic valve mass after radiofrequency catheter ablation in our patient may represent a very unusual event.* We recognized this fact and hoped that our report would help lead to the prospective evaluation of large numbers of patients so that the true incidence of such complications could be determined. To this end, the articles quoted by Dr.Pires, et al. are suggestive that thrombotic complications may truly be very rare after uncomplicated ablations.^'^ The applicability of their own work to this wuestion is somewhat limited by the relatively small number of patients with left-sided procedures studied (the number is not stated but only 70 patients with left-or right-sided accessory pathways were include...
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