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Data collected from two surveys in 1992, one cross-sectional and one two-wave panel, are used to examine the predictive patterns of traditional and nontraditional media forms on people's campaign interest, campaign information processing strategies, campaign participation, knowledge of candidates' issue positions, affect and image favorability toward candidates, perceived votes for candidates, and issue salience. Applying three incremental levels of controls, nontraditional media were found to have the strongest impact on labile characteristics (e.g., campaign interest) and weakest impact on criteria more difficult to alter, such as knowledge of candidates' issue positions. Traditional media forms continue to have a potent influence greater than that of nontraditional media forms on the campaign.

The variation of the quantum-yield curves of reflection-mode and transmission-mode GaAs photocathodes under illumination has been studied using an instrument for measuring quantum yields at room temperature. The two kinds of photocathodes have an identical doping concentration and active-layer thickness, 1 ϫ 10 19 cm −3 and 1.6 m, respectively. These photocathodes were illuminated by white light with an intensity of 100 lx, and the yield curves were measured simultaneously every other hour. The measured results show that the shape of the yield curves for the reflection-mode photocathodes changes rapidly with increasing illumination time, whereas the shape of the curves for the transmission-mode photocathodes is almost constant, we find that the reason is the average path lengths that photoelectrons have to travel are different for the two kinds of photocathodes. In the yields of the transmission-mode photocathodes, all types of photoemission except ⌫ may be neglected, whereas all of the ⌫, L, and hot-electron photoemission must be included in the yields of the reflection-mode photocathodes. Based on the two-minima diffusion model and the fit of the escape probability, we have revised the quantum-efficiency equation for the reflection-mode photocathodes and used this revised equation to explain the variation of their yield curves.

Guided by the perspective of media framing theory and a newly proposed multi-proximity model, we analysed the content of news reports on five major terrorist attacks from four international news media. We identified three frame packages, each with four functional frames suggested by Entman. Regression analysis revealed the differential impact on media frames of multiple proximities in ideology, religion and bilateral relations. When the media host country and victim country are bound by close relations, the news frames applied to such attacks will be more negative. The same is true for religious proximity between the media host country and victim country. In contrast, close religious proximity between the media host country and the attacker group will lead to the adoption of a less negative news frame for an attack. Interestingly, the proximity of ideology between the media host country and victim country did not show the expected explanatory power for the media frames.

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