With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of 222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-I sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak (peak ratio >30%). The pores in the type-II sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement. The distribution curves of throat size for the type-II sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks (peak ratio <15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-III samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-III sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis (peak ratio <10%), and the micro-scale throat radii (>0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-I to type-III sandstones, the irreducible water saturation (S wo ) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of K rw /K rg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased, indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-III sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-II sandstones and type-I sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.
14-3-3s are highly conserved phosphopeptide-binding proteins that play important roles in various developmental and signaling pathways in plants. However, although protein phosphorylation has been proven to be a key mechanism for regulating many pivotal components of the light signaling pathway, the role of 14-3-3 proteins in photomorphogenesis remains largely obscure. PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) is an extensively studied transcription factor repressing photomorphogenesis, and it is well-established that upon red (R) light exposure, photo-activated phytochrome B (phyB) interacts with PIF3 and induces its rapid phosphorylation and degradation. PHOTOREGULATORY PROTEIN KINASES (PPKs), a family of nuclear protein kinases, interact with phyB and PIF3 in R light and mediate multisite phosphorylation of PIF3 in vivo.Here, we report that two members of the 14-3-3 protein family, 14-3-3k and j, bind to a serine residue in the bHLH domain of PIF3 that can be phosphorylated by PPKs, and act as key positive regulators of R light-induced photomorphogenesis.Moreover, 14-3-3k and j preferentially interact with photo-activated phyB and promote the phyB-PIF3-PPK complex formation, thereby facilitating phyB-induced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF3 upon R light exposure.Together, our data demonstrate that 14-3-3k and j work in close concert with the phyB-PIF3 module to regulate light signaling in Arabidopsis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.