smoking and drinking are risk factors for cognitive impairment among elderly people. Cessation of smoking and reduction of drinking could be considered as part of a strategy to reduce the incidence of cognitive impairment.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and osteoporosis are common chronic degenerative disorders which are strongly associated with advanced age. Some studies suggest that low bone mineral density (BMD) is related to the increased risk of AD. We conducted a 5-year prospective study to exam the association between BMD and the risk of AD in a cohort of Chinese elderly people. Of 3263 community residents aged 65 years and over, 2019 were enrolled into the study and followed up annually for 5 years. At baseline demographic data, smoking and drinking status, medical history, cognitive status, and blood samples were collected. BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning at baseline and during follow-up. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to evaluate the association with BMD and incidence of AD. Over the follow-up of 5 years, AD developed in 132 subjects. Baseline BMD, bone loss rate, current smoking, and daily drinking were associated with increased risk of AD, while higher baseline plasma leptin level was associated with decreased risk of AD, in both women and men. Low BMD and increased loss rate of BMD were associated with higher risk of AD. Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and lower leptin level are risk factors for AD. Uncovering the relation linking osteoporosis and AD is important for understanding the pathogenesis and developing therapeutic strategies for these two common disorders afflicting elderly people.

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Alzheimer disease (AD) has been made a global priority for its multifactorial pathogenesis and lack of disease-modifying therapies. We sought to investigate the changes of profile of blood routine in AD and its correlation with the disease severity.In all, 92 AD patients and 84 age and sex-matched normal controls were enrolled and their profiles of blood routine were evaluated.Alzheimer disease patients had increased levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width-standard deviation, mean platelet volume,and decreased levels of platelet distribution width, red blood cell, hematocrit, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, and basophil compared with normal controls.Alterations in quantity and quality of blood cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD and contribute to the disease progression.