The QCD coupling $\alpha_s$ is the most important parameter for achieving precise QCD predictions. By using the well measured effective coupling $\alpha^{g_1}_{s}(Q)$ defined from the Bjorken sum rules as a basis, we suggest a novel and self-consistency way to fix the $\alpha_s$ at all scales: The QCD light-front holographic model is adopted for its infrared behavior, and the fixed-order pQCD prediction under the principle of maximum conformality (PMC) is used for its high-energy behavior. Using the PMC scheme-and-scale independent perturbative series, and by transforming it into the one under the physical $V$-scheme, we observe that a precise $\alpha_s$ running behavior in both the perturbative and nonperturbative domains with a smooth transition from small to large scales can be achieved.
In this paper, we discuss three modified single-field natural inflation models in detail, including Special generalized natural inflation model (SNI), extended natural inflation model (ENI) and natural inflation inspired model (NII). We derive the analytical expression of the tensor-to-scalar ratio r and the spectral index $$n_s$$ n s for those models. Then the reheating temperature $$T_{re}$$ T re and reheating duration $$N_{re}$$ N re are analytically derived. Moreover, considering the CMB constraints, the feasible space of the SNI model in $$(n_s, r)$$ ( n s , r ) plane is almost covered by that of the NII, which means the NII is more general than the SNI. In addition, there is no overlapping space between the ENI and the other two models in $$(n_s, r)$$ ( n s , r ) plane, which indicates that the ENI and the other two models exclude each other, and more accurate experiments can verify them. Furthermore, the reheating brings tighter constraints to the inflation models, but they still work for a different reheating universe. Considering the constraints of $$n_s$$ n s , r, $$N_k$$ N k and choosing $$T_{re}$$ T re near the electroweak energy scale, one can find that the decay constants of the three models have no overlapping area and the effective equations of state $$\omega _{re}$$ ω re should be within $$\frac{1}{4}\lesssim \omega _{re} \lesssim \frac{4}{5}$$ 1 4 ≲ ω re ≲ 4 5 for the three models.
Based on the operator product expansion, the perturbative and nonperturbative contributions to the polarized Bjorken sum rule (BSR) can be separated conveniently, and the nonperturbative one can be fitted via a proper comparison with the experimental data. In the paper, we first give a detailed study on the pQCD corrections to the leading-twist part of BSR. Basing on the accurate pQCD prediction of BSR, we then give a novel fit of the non-perturbative high-twist contributions by comparing with JLab data. Previous pQCD corrections to the leading-twist part derived under conventional scale-setting approach still show strong renormalization scale dependence. The principle of maximum conformality (PMC) provides a systematic and strict way to eliminate conventional renormalization scale-setting ambiguity by determining the accurate $$\alpha _s$$ α s -running behavior of the process with the help of renormalization group equation. Our calculation confirms the PMC prediction satisfies the standard renormalization group invariance, e.g. its fixed-order prediction does scheme-and-scale independent. In low $$Q^2$$ Q 2 -region, the effective momentum of the process is small and in order to derive a reliable prediction, we adopt four low-energy $$\alpha _s$$ α s models to do the analysis, i.e. the model based on the analytic perturbative theory (APT), the Webber model (WEB), the massive pQCD model (MPT) and the model under continuum QCD theory (CON). Our predictions show that even though the high-twist terms are generally power suppressed in high $$Q^2$$ Q 2 -region, they shall have sizable contributions in low and intermediate $$Q^2$$ Q 2 domain. Based on the more accurate scheme-and-scale independent pQCD prediction, our newly fitted results for the high-twist corrections at $$Q^2=1\;\mathrm{GeV}^2$$ Q 2 = 1 GeV 2 are, $$f_2^{p-n}|_{\mathrm{APT}}=-0.120\pm 0.013$$ f 2 p - n | APT = - 0.120 ± 0.013 , $$f_2^{p-n}|_\mathrm{WEB}=-0.081\pm 0.013$$ f 2 p - n | WEB = - 0.081 ± 0.013 , $$f_2^{p-n}|_{\mathrm{MPT}}=-0.128\pm 0.013$$ f 2 p - n | MPT = - 0.128 ± 0.013 and $$f_2^{p-n}|_{\mathrm{CON}}=-0.139\pm 0.013$$ f 2 p - n | CON = - 0.139 ± 0.013 ; $$\mu _6|_\mathrm{APT}=0.003\pm 0.000$$ μ 6 | APT = 0.003 ± 0.000 , $$\mu _6|_{\mathrm{WEB}}=0.001\pm 0.000$$ μ 6 | WEB = 0.001 ± 0.000 , $$\mu _6|_\mathrm{MPT}=0.003\pm 0.000$$ μ 6 | MPT = 0.003 ± 0.000 and $$\mu _6|_{\mathrm{CON}}=0.002\pm 0.000$$ μ 6 | CON = 0.002 ± 0.000 , respectively, where the errors are squared averages of those from the statistical and systematic errors from the measured data.
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