The ability to manage hemophilia in SP remains suboptimal. However, due to limited data, the evaluation and extrapolation of large hemophilia populations in SP are restricted, therefore, further studies with a large cohort are needed.

The predictive value of cumulative blood pressure (BP) on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (CCE) has hardly been studied. In this prospective cohort study including 52,385 participants from the Kailuan Group who attended three medical examinations and without CCE, the impact of cumulative systolic BP (cumSBP) and cumulative diastolic BP (cumDBP) on all-cause mortality and CCEs was investigated. For the study population, the mean (standard deviation) age was 48.82 (11.77) years of which 40,141 (76.6%) were male. The follow-up for all-cause mortality and CCEs was 3.96 (0.48) and 2.98 (0.41) years, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that for every 10 mm Hg·year increase in cumSBP and 5 mm Hg·year increase in cumDBP, the hazard ratio for all-cause mortality were 1.013 (1.006, 1.021) and 1.012 (1.006, 1.018); for CCEs, 1.018 (1.010, 1.027) and 1.017 (1.010, 1.024); for stroke, 1.021 (1.011, 1.031) and 1.018 (1.010, 1.026); and for MI, 1.013 (0.996, 1.030) and 1.015 (1.000, 1.029). Using natural spline function analysis, cumSBP and cumDBP showed a J-curve relationship with CCEs; and a U-curve relationship with stroke (ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke). Therefore, increases in cumSBP and cumDBP were predictive for allcause mortality, CCEs, and stroke.Hypertension is the most common chronic disease, and the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease 1 . Stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) are the main complications of hypertension that can lead to death 1-4 . The Framingham Study showed that starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk for cardiovascular events increases following the increase in blood pressure (BP) 5 . It takes time for exposure to high BP to become a risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (CCEs); and there are many factors affecting BP, such as age, diet, lifestyle, and use of antihypertensive drugs. Therefore, using a single BP measurement to predict all-cause mortality and the occurrence of CCE is not reliable.Cumulative exposure is calculated as the product of the dose level and the exposure time and has been used to predict the impact of exposures on the target organ. Since Doll and Hill first proposed that high cumulative exposure to smoking is associated with lung cancer 6,7 , it has been suggested that cumulative exposure to high blood sugar level increases the risk of complications of diabetes 8 , cumulative exposure to high cholesterol level increases the risk for coronary heart disease 9 , and cumulative exposure to high BP is associated with kidney damage 10 . However, there is hardly any study on the predictive value of cumulative exposure to elevated BP on all-cause mortality and the occurrence of CCEs. In this study, we used data collected from the Kailuan Study (Trial identification: ChiCTR-TNC-11001489; Trial registration site: http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx; Registration number: 11001489) and analyzed the predictive value of cumulative BP for all-cause mortal...

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Bacteremia is one of the most common causes of mortality in hospitalized patients. Blood culture is currently the recommended method for diagnosing bacteremia. However, a positive result via blood culture does not always mean that bacteremia is present. For example, common skin flora, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), may contaminate blood cultures. It is important to determine whether a positive blood culture reflects a severe threat of sepsis, or occurs due to contaminant of the specimen by normal skin flora. 1 Incorrect interpretation of CNS-positive blood cultures results in unnecessary administration of antibiotics, increases healthcare costs, prolongs hospitalization, and promotes antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. 2 Certain factors help health care professionals determine whether CNS detected via blood culture represents true bacteremia or merely reveals contamination in the specimen. 1 For example, the time to positivity (TTP), which is mainly influenced by the species of bacteria and the original bacterial load, has been used in the interpretation of blood cultures that test positive for CNS. 3 Further, an elevated level of serum procalcitonin (PCT) has been associated with true CNS bacteremia. 4,5,6 Patients with CNS bacteremia have an elevated PCT level and a shortened TTP. We hypothesized that the ratio of TTP to PCT might be a more accurate predictor of CNS bacteremia, compared to PCT, or TTP alone. We retrospectively reviewed blood cultures from 102 individuals with positive results due to CNS to assess the clinical utility of the TTP to PCT ratio in predicting true bacteremia.