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Pure monoclinic (m) and tetragonal (t) zirconia nanoparticles were readily synthesized from the reaction of inorganic zirconium salts (e.g., hydrated zirconyl nitrate) and urea in water and methanol, respectively, via a facile solvothermal method. The role of the solvents was crucial in the formation of the pure ZrO(2) phases, whereas their purity was essentially insensitive to other variables, including reaction temperature, reactant concentration, pH, and zirconium salts. Water as the solvent led to the transformation of hydrous ZrO(2) precipitates initially formed with tetragonal structures to thermodynamically more stable m-ZrO(2) via the dissolution-precipitation process, whereas methanol favored the removal of water molecules from the precursors via their reaction with urea, consequently maintaining the tetragonal structures. The obtained tetragonal samples were found to possess superior hydrothermal stability compared to those reported previously, which provides the possibility for systematically studying the effects of ZrO(2) phases on many catalytic reactions involving water as a reactant or product. Using these pure m- and t-ZrO(2) phases as supports, dispersed MoO(x) catalysts were synthesized at MoO(x) surface densities of approximately 5.0 Mo/nm(2), which is close to one monolayer of coverage. Characterization by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the pure ZrO(2) phases remained unchanged in the presence of the MoO(x) domains and the MoO(x) domains existed preferentially as 2D polymolybdate structures. The catalysts were subsequently examined for selective methanol oxidation as a test reaction. m-ZrO(2) support led to 2-fold greater oxidation rates than for t-ZrO(2) support, reflecting the higher intrinsic reactivity of the MoO(x) domains on m-ZrO(2). This is consistent with their higher reducibility probed by temperature-programmed reduction with H(2) (H(2) TPR). These observed effects of the ZrO(2) phases provide the basis for designing catalysts with tunable redox properties and reactivity.

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To diminish incongruity between bone regeneration and biodegradation of implant magnesium alloy applied for mandibular bone repair, a brushite coating was deposited on a matrix of a Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr (hereafter, denoted as JDBM) alloy to control the degradation rate of the implant and enhance osteogenesis of the mandible bone. Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations were carried out in the present work. Viability and adhesion assays of rabbit bone marrow mesenchyal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) were applied to determine the biocompatibility of a brushite-coated JDBM alloy. Osteogenic gene expression was characterized by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Brushite-coated JDBM screws were implanted into mandible bones of rabbits for 1, 4, and 7 months, respectively, using 316L stainless steel screws as a control group. In vivo biodegradation rate was determined by synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography, and osteogenesis was observed and evaluated using Van Gieson's picric acid-fuchsin. Both the naked JDBM and brushite-coated JDBM samples revealed adequate biosafety and biocompatibility as bone repair substitutes. In vitro results showed that brushite-coated JDBM considerably induced osteogenic differentiation of rBM-MSCs. And in vivo experiments indicated that brushite-coated JDBM screws presented advantages in osteoconductivity and osteogenesis of mandible bone of rabbits. Degradation rate was suppressed at a lower level at the initial stage of implantation when new bone tissue formed. Brushite, which can enhance oeteogenesis and partly control the degradation rate of an implant, is an appropriate coating for JDBM alloys used for mandibular repair. The Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy with brushite coating possesses great potential for clinical applications for mandibular repair.

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