Three kinds of Chinese coal and a biomass were pyrolyzed by N 2 and CO 2 in a bench scale fluidized bed reactor. Fourier transform (FT)-Raman/infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to identify microstructure and to evaluate the structural evolution of chars generated in N 2 and CO 2 environments, which are the main diluting gases of air and oxy-fuel environments. The Raman spectra were fitted with five Lorentzian bands. The reactivities of the char were measured by a thermogravimetric analyzer from room temperature to 1373 K in air and oxy-fuel conditions with O 2 concentration of 21%. The derived activation energy for different samples was correlated with the Raman structural parameters. Results showed that more disordered char was formed with the pyrolysis in CO 2 than that in N 2 , and new O-containing functional structures would be introduced into the char structure in CO 2 atmosphere. The char structures became less ordered as the sample rank decreased. The reactivity of CO 2 char was higher than that of N 2 char, while the combustion atmospheres rarely affected the char reactivity, indicating CO 2 played a more important role on the devolatization process for coal than for char combustion. The activation energy had a good linear correlation for N 2 char with Raman characterizations, while the data points for CO 2 char were perfectly fitted with exponential functions. INTRODUCTIONO 2 /CO 2 combustion technology now has become a promising way for enrichment of CO 2 in the flue gas to levels as high as 95% by volume to capture CO 2 from the flue gas; 1 at the same time, it can also effectively reduce pollutants such as SO 2 and NO emissions. This novel combustion method has already received general concern all over the world. It has been reported that this technology has a great potential for retrofitting existing coal-fired power plants and building new power plants with several benefits. 2 As combustion generally comprises the process of devolatilization, followed by the combustion of the residue char, the devolatilization process exerts its influence throughout the life of the solid particles from injection to burnout. Therefore, differences in thermal properties and chemical action between N 2 and CO 2 make char combustion in oxy-fuel conditions quite different from conventional conditions. The presence of CO 2 in high concentrations during the initial pyrolysis stage will significantly change the distribution of alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM) species. Then, these changes in the resulting char will substantially alter the coal reactivity and influence the combustion efficiency. 3 Scala et al. 4 found that, in the process of oxyfiring conditions, CO 2 gasification contributes to a comparative extent for carbon consumption at high temperatures and low oxygen concentrations. In addition to the different gas properties, the influence of CO 2 on the reactivity of coal chars is strongly dependent on the raw coal properties. 3,5 However, previous research has rarely examined the effects of structural var...

Petroleum-based products are a primary energy source in the industry and daily life. During the exploration, processing, transport and storage of petroleum and petroleum products, water or soil pollution occurs regularly. Biodegradation of the hydrocarbon pollutants by indigenous microorganisms is one of the primary mechanisms of removal of petroleum compounds from the environment. However, the physical contact between microorganisms and hydrophobic hydrocarbons limits the biodegradation rate. This paper presents an updated review of the petroleum hydrocarbon uptake and transport across the outer membrane of microorganisms with the help of outer membrane proteins.

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Novel ZnO@ZnS hollow dumbbells-graphene composites have been successfully fabricated through a polymer-assisted hydrothermal reaction and sulfurization treatment. Because of the formation of heterostructures and a new transfer pathway of electrons from ZnS to graphene, the composites show significantly superior photocatalytic activities than ZnO dumbbells and ZnO@ZnS hollow dumbbells. The improved electric conductivity and the improved adsorption and diffusion of gas molecules also endow them with excellent sensitivity and selectivity toward alcohol gas. This paper presents a promising method to fabricate semiconductor heterostructure-graphene composites for high-efficiency photocatalysts and gas sensors.

A strain of Pseudomonas sp. DG17, capable of degrading crude oil, was immobilized in sodium alginate–attapulgite–calcium carbonate for biodegradation of crude oil contaminated soil. In this work, proportion of independent variables, the laboratory immobilization parameters, the micromorphology and internal structure of the immobilized granule, as well as the crude oil biodegradation by sodium alginate–attapulgite–calcium carbonate immobilized cells and sodium alginate–attapulgite immobilized cells were studied to build the optimal immobilization carrier and granule-forming method. The results showed that the optimal concentrations of sodium alginate–attapulgite–calcium carbonate and calcium chloride were 2.5%–3.5%, 0.5%–1%, 3%–7% and 2%–4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the optimal bath temperature, embedding cell amount, reaction time and multiplication time were 50–60 °C, 2%, 18 h and 48 h, respectively. Moreover, biodegradation was enhanced by immobilized cells with a total petroleum hydrocarbon removal ranging from 33.56% ± 3.84% to 56.82% ± 3.26% after 20 days. The SEM results indicated that adding calcium carbonate was helpful to form internal honeycomb-like pores in the immobilized granules.