After the loaded STS exercise, children with mild spastic diplegia improved their basic motor abilities, functional muscle strength, and walking efficiency.

Our results provide strong evidence that the 3 composites of the PDMS-2 had high test-retest reliability and acceptable responsiveness. The PDMS-2 can be used as an evaluative motor measure for children with CP and aged 2 to 5 years.

The five-repetition sit-to-stand test was a reliable and valid test to measure functional muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia in clinics.

Adding neurologic music therapy to functional resistance exercise could induce greater improvements in gross motor capacity for children with cerebral palsy.

Wakeful prone positioning promotes prone-specific motor milestones in early infancy. "Prone to play for a certain amount of time in an interactive and supervised environment" might be advocated.

No abstract

To establish and compare the relationship between standing balance and walking performance, eight children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) and 16 non-disabled, age-and sex-matched children were studied. The results showed that the children with CP had worse static balance stability in various sensory environments and dynamic balance (rhythmic shifting ability) than the non-disabled children.Moreover, the children with CP walked at a slower speed but at a greater physiological cost than the non-disabled children. In the children with CP, dynamic balance signiflcastly correlated with walking function. It is suggested that rhythmic weight-shift training should be encouraged to improve the walking performance of children with CP.C A I P~ rnl palsy (CP) is a no (1 -1) Bnx 1964). The niain motor fiinction problems of chiltlrcn with CP are tlie tlclay or arrest of motor tlevelopment,a s l o~ walking speed, a low endurance for wilking and an d~normal movement pattern (Bobafh and Hobatli 1978, Suthcrlantl 1984, Xordin antl Oderrick 1986, \\'hcel\\~ight et al. 1993).i~ogressivc ti is0 rtler of In ovenicnt antl 1)osture due to H. defect or lcsioil of t h r immature brain (The pro1)lerns of slo\v walking and low walking endurance usually C'BIISC severe functional limitations in afferted sul)-jects.According to ti previous study (\Vong u t al. 1983). \valking speed is strongly correlated with the severity ofCP I n stroie patients.guit velocity is a good outcome nirasure (Richards et al. 1995). Children with CP nlso suffer n high energy cost when \valking.as high as three to four times that of non-disabled children. a d this cost iisually increases \\ ith age. Over t ime,tlie high energy cost ill cause a deterioration in the. act

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibronectin, laminin, and collagen IV, play important roles in many cellular behaviors, including cell adhesion and spreading. Understanding their adsorption behavior on surfaces with different natures is helpful for studying the cellular responses to environments. By tailoring the chemical composition in binary acidic (anionic) and basic (cationic) functionalized self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-modified gold substrates, variable surface potentials can be generated. To examine how surface potential affects the interaction between ECM proteins and substrates, a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation detection (QCM-D) was used. To study the interaction under physiological conditions, the ionic strength and pH were controlled using phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C, and the ζ potentials of the SAM-modified Au and protein were determined using an electrokinetic analyzer and phase analysis light scattering, respectively. During adsorption processes, the shifts in resonant frequency (f) and energy dissipation (D) were acquired simultaneously, and the weight change was calculated using the Kelvin-Voigt model. The results reveal that slightly charged protein can be adsorbed on a highly charged SAM, even where both surfaces are negatively charged. This behavior is attributed to the highly charged SAM, which polarizes the protein microscopically, and the Debye interaction, as well as other short-range interactions such as steric force, hydrogen bonding, direct bonding, charged domains within the protein structure, etc., that allow adsorption, although the macroscopic electrostatic interaction discourages adsorption. For surfaces with a moderate potential, proteins are not significantly polarized by the surface, and the interaction can be predicted through simple electrostatic attraction. Furthermore, surface-induced self-assembly of protein molecules also affects the adsorbed structures and kinetics. The adsorbed layer properties, such as rigidity and packing behaviors, were further investigated using the D-f plot and phase detection microscopy (PDM) imaging.