ObjectiveTo perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to assess the effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity.Data sourcesMEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, and clinicaltrialresults.org were searched up to January 2017. Reference lists of related papers were also scanned.Study selectionRandomized controlled trials were selected if they compared vitamin K supplementation with placebo or no treatment and reported homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, or interleukin-6 levels.Data extractionData extraction and study quality assessment were performed independently by two investigators using a standardized data extraction form. Any inconsistencies were resolved by a third reviewer. Effect estimates were pooled using inverse-variance weighted method. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 and Q statistic.ResultsA total of eight trials involving 1,077 participants met the inclusion criteria. A wide variety of participants were enrolled, including older men, postmenopausal women, prediabetic premenopausal women, and participants with a history of diabetes, hypertension, or vascular disease. Vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 (MK-4 and MK-7 subtypes) were assessed. Supplementation period ranged from 4 weeks to 3 years. Vitamin K supplementation did not affect insulin sensitivity as measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, and interleukin-6 levels.ConclusionOur analysis suggests no effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity.
Clinical Therapeutics e26 Volume 39 Number 8S LO appeared rapidly in plasma with Tmax (median) of 2.0~2.5 h and the plasma concentrations decreased with the mean T 1/2 of 1.8~55.1 h. The median Tmax of laninamivir was 4.0~6.0 h and laninamivir slowly declined after Cmax with the mean T 1/2 of 58.3~165.8 h. The average AUCinf and Cmax for LO and laninamivir increased with dose inhaled. Conclusions: LO, when inhaled via nebulization was well tolerated and exhibited a potential for long lasting anti-influenza activity, similar to that found using a DPI.
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