Stem cells are unique cells in the ability that can self-renew and differentiate into a wide variety of cell types, suggesting that a specific molecular control network underlies these features. To date, stem cells have been applied to many clinical therapeutic approaches. For example, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the cells responding to ischemia or injury and engage in effective revascularization to repair within impairment regions. Transplantation of MSCs after stroke and hindlimb ischemia results in remarkable recovery through enhancing angiogenesis. MicroRNAs are a novel class of endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that work via translational inhibition or degradation of their target mRNAs to downregulate gene expression. MicroRNAs have been strongly linked to stem cells, which have a remarkable role in development. In this study, we focused on the microRNA regulation in multiple stem cells. For example, miR-520h was upregulated and miR-129 was downregulated in HSC. MiR-103, 107, 140, 143, 638, and 663 were associated with MSCs while miR-302s and miR-136 were associated with ESCs. In NSCs, miR-92b, let-7, and miR-125 were the critical regulators. This overview of the recent advances in the aspects of molecular control of stem cell biology reveals the importance of microRNAs, which may be helpful for future work.
In-service education for physical restraints enhances relevant knowledge and techniques but does not significantly affect attitudes or behaviors. Correct implementation of physical restraints not only promotes the quality of nursing care for patients in the ICU but also reduces the risk of physical-restraint-related complications. This study highlights the importance of changing the thoughts and concepts related to the use of physical restraints within the overall caring strategy of hospitals.
Stem cells have the surprising potential to develop into many different cell types. Therefore, major research efforts have focused on transplantation of stem cells and/or derived progenitors for restoring depleted diseased cells in degenerative disorders. Understanding the molecular controls, including alternative splicing, that arise during lineage differentiation of stem cells is crucial for developing stem cell therapeutic approaches in regeneration medicine. Alternative splicing to allow a single gene to encode multiple transcripts with different protein coding sequences and RNA regulatory elements increases genomic complexities. Utilizing differences in alternative splicing as a molecular marker may be more sensitive than simply gene expression in various degrees of stem cell differentiation. Moreover, alternative splicing maybe provide a new concept to acquire induced pluripotent stem cells or promote cell-cell transdifferentiation for restorative therapies and basic medicine researches. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of alternative splicing regulation in stem cells and their progenitors. It will hopefully provide much needed knowledge into realizing stem cell biology and related applications.
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