Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund is one of the most frequently isolated Salmonella serotypes responsible for human and poultry infections in Taiwan, and it has raised public health concerns. To better facilitate the understanding of transmission patterns and the dynamics of epidemics, sharing molecular data on pathogen profiles is urgently needed. The objectives of the current study were to determine and establish baseline data of S. enterica serovar Schwarzengrund isolates from 23 epidemiologically unrelated sources from year 2000 to 2018 and examine their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Genomic DNA of the Salmonella isolates was extracted and subjected to whole-genome sequencing using an Illumina platform. Results showed that all selected isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, and six of those were resistant to ciprofloxacin phenotypically. Genotypically, these isolates carried genes resistant to aminoglycoside (100%), phenicol (91.3%), β-lactams (69.5%), folate pathway antagonist (100%), tetracycline (82.6%), and fluoroquinolone (4.3%). Moreover, these isolates harbor integrons with five different gene cassettes identified for the first time, which are associated with resistance to trimethoprim, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. Furthermore, prevalence of IncFIB plasmid was found among studied isolates, which may increase its ability to colonize the chicken cecum and cause extra-intestinal disease. Salmonella pathogenicity islands SPI-1 to SPI-5, SPI-13, and SPI-14, as well as C63PI locus, were also detected in all isolates. This study demonstrated that a considerable high antimicrobial resistance with high virulence levels of Salmonella were found from animal sources. Sharing data on these pathogen profiles can not only help increase the reproducibility and accessibility of genomic analysis but can also support surveillance and epidemiological investigations for salmonellosis in the region.
Researchers and marketers have been showing more interest in the areas of green product attributes. They found that consumers usually associate low quality with green products. Little is known about how to design a green message and how to present product attributes in the advertisement. The objective of this study is to examine the different impacts of message content (single vs. double message) and message order (green message presented first vs. later) on green brand attitude in green advertisement, and its moderating effects by its central and peripheral attributes. Two 2 × 2 experimental between-subjects designs were utilized to test the hypotheses. The results of Study 1 indicate that after consumers watched the double-message advertisement, they formed a significantly more positive green brand attitude toward the product compared to watching a single-message advertisement. The product attributes demonstrated their moderating effects on the above result. The central attribute expanded the difference between the double message and single message, but the peripheral attribute diluted the double-message effect. Study 2 examined the order effect in the double-message advertisement, and we found that presenting the green message first instead of later was the most effective method to persuade consumers. However, this effect was only significant when the green attribute of the product is the central attribute. The peripheral attribute would decrease the order effect in the double-message format. Implications and recommendations for future research are provided at the end of this paper.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a causative agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs of all ages. A . pleuropneumoniae is divided into 19 serovars based on capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) and lipopolysaccharides. The serovars of isolates are commonly determined by serological tests and multiplex PCR. This study aimed to develop a genomic approach for in silico A. pleuropneumoniae typing by screening for the presence of the species-specific apxIV gene in whole-genome sequencing (WGS) reads and identifying capsule locus (KL) types in genome assemblies. A database of the A . pleuropneumoniae KL, including CPS synthesis and CPS export genes, was established and optimized for Kaptive. To test the developed genomic approach, WGS reads of 189 A . pleuropneumoniae isolates and those of 66 samples from 14 other bacterial species were analysed. ariba analysis showed that apxIV was detected in all 189 A . pleuropneumoniae samples. These apxIV-positive WGS reads were de novo assembled into genome assemblies and assessed. A total of 105 A . pleuropneumoniae genome assemblies that passed the quality assessment were analysed by Kaptive analysis against the A . pleuropneumoniae KL database. The results showed that 97 assemblies were classified and predicted as 13 serovars, which matched the serovar information obtained from the literature. The six genome assemblies from previously nontypable isolates were typed and predicted as serovars 17 and 18. Notably, one of the two “Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum” samples was apxIV positive, and its genome assembly was typed as KL03 with high identity and predicted as A . pleuropneumoniae serovar 3. Collectively, a genomic approach was established and could accurately determine the KL type of A . pleuropneumoniae isolates using WGS reads. This approach can be used with high-quality genome assemblies for predicting A . pleuropneumoniae serovars and for retrospective analysis.
Discotic materials and nanoparticles are potential carriers of synthetic chemicals to increase the bioavailability. Several planar discotic compounds were prepared with C–C bond formation by the Sonagoshira reaction. Their toxicity was based on their inhibition of Escherichia coli growth as well as a simple proteomic analysis. The partial analogues of hexakis(4‐carboxyphenylethynyl)benzene structures did not inhibit E. coli growth significantly. The possible metabolic pathway of hexakis(4‐carboxyphenylethynyl)benzene (1) may involve the downregulation of glycolytic proteins detected with a proteomic analysis. Hexakis(4‐carboxyphenylethynyl)benzene is found not only useful in liquid crystals but may also have utility in the development of novel antibiotics.
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