Origin of sharp waves during slow-wave sleepSWRs occured reliably in the DVR during slow-wave sleep, and slowwave sleep alternated regularly with REM sleep (Fig. 1a-c, Extended Data Fig. 1), as reported previously 3 . High-frequency ripples (around 70-150 Hz) rode on each sharp wave and contained action potentials. Local field potentials (LFPs) were highly correlated across DVR recording sites (peak correlation 0.74 over 18 h of slow-wave sleep, mean over two animals), but sharp waves that were recorded in the anterior medial pole of the DVR (amDVR) preceded their counterparts in more posterior or more lateral regions by up to 200 ms depending on the spacing between recording sites (Fig. 1d, e, Extended Data Fig. 1g, h), suggesting SWR propagation.We next recorded from thick anterior transverse, horizontal and parasagittal slices of DVR in artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution (ACSF) (Methods, Extended Data Fig. 2a-f). All configurations produced
Most animal species sleep, from invertebrates to primates. We describe the electrophysiological hallmarks of sleep in reptiles. Recordings from the brains of Australian dragon Pogona vitticeps revealed the typical features of slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, suggesting that dragons can be a useful model for studying these sleep stages. In this presentation, I will focus on the claustrum. The mammalian claustrum, owing to its widespread connectivity with other forebrain structures, has been hypothesized to mediate functions ranging from decision making to consciousness. We report that a homolog of the claustrum, identified by single-cell transcriptomics and viral tracing of connectivity, exists also in reptiles. There, it underlies the generation of sharp-waves during slow-wave sleep. The sharp-waves, together with superimposed high-frequency ripples, propagate to the entire forebrain. It is also characterized by converging input from mid-and hind-brain areas involved in wake/sleep control. Periodic modulation of serotonin concentration in claustrum, for example, imposes a matching modulation of sharp-wave production. The claustrum is therefore an ancient brain structure, with a potentially important role in the widespread control of brain states due to its divergent projections to the forebrain and its role in sharp-wave generation during slow-wave sleep.
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