Drosophila olfactory local interneurons (LNs) in the antennal lobe are highly diverse and variable. How and when distinct types of LNs emerge, differentiate, and integrate into the olfactory circuit is unknown. Through systematic developmental analyses, we found that LNs are recruited to the adult olfactory circuit in three groups. Group 1 LNs are residual larval LNs. Group 2 are adult-specific LNs that emerge before cognate sensory and projection neurons establish synaptic specificity, and Group 3 LNs emerge after synaptic specificity is established. Group 1 larval LNs are selectively reintegrated into the adult circuit through pruning and re-extension of processes to distinct regions of the antennal lobe, while others die during metamorphosis. Precise temporal control of this pruning and cell death shapes the global organization of the adult antennal lobe. Our findings provide a road map to understand how LNs develop and contribute to constructing the olfactory circuit.
ObjectiveThere are conflicting data regarding the use of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO 2 ) measurement in preterm infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different dead space to tidal volume ratios (V D /V T ) on the correlation between PetCO 2 and arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO 2 ) in ventilated preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). MethodsWe enrolled ventilated preterm infants (with assist control mode or synchronous intermittent mandatory mode) with RDS who were treated with surfactant in this prospective study. Simultaneous PetCO 2 and PaCO 2 data pairs were obtained from ventilated neonates monitored using mainstream capnography. Data obtained before and after surfactant treatment were also analyzed. ResultsOne-hundred and one PetCO 2 and PaCO 2 pairs from 34 neonates were analyzed. There was a moderate correlation between PetCO 2 and PaCO 2 values (r = 0.603, P < 0.01). The correlation was higher in the post-surfactant treatment group (r = 0.786, P < 0.01) than the pre-surfactant treatment group (r = 0.235). The values of PaCO 2 and PetCO 2 obtained based on the treatment stage of surfactant therapy were 42.4 ± 8.6 mmHg and 32.6 ± 7.2 mmHg, respectively, in pre-surfactant treatment group, and 37.8 ± 10.3 mmHg and 33.7 ± 9.3 mmHg, respectively, in the post-surfactant treatment group. Furthermore, we found a significant decrease in V D /V T in the post-surfactant treatment group when compared to the pre-surfactant treatment group (P = 0.003).
New terms and theoretical concepts in information literacy have emerged over the last decade, and these have led to revisions in the standards for information literacy. In order to determine whether information literacy research has reflected these trends, we collected SSCI literature for the 2011 to 2020 period related to information literacy in higher education (ILHE) and conducted analysis using bibliographic mapping and content analysis. Our research found that the volume of research on ILHE has increased in the last five years as compared to the five years before that, and that keywords related to literacy (such as "digital literacy" and "multiliteracies") have been getting a great deal of discussion. After the Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education (FILHE) was announced, curriculum design research based on the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education (ILCSHE) continued to outnumber that done based on the Framework.
Social networking and cloud computing are being extensively used, and in this era, the frequency of sending information or images to each other is increasing. The prevention of private information leakage during communication over the Internet has become a concern in the past decades. Several data protection methods, such as cryptographic, watermarking, and steganography techniques, have been proposed to protect private data. In this paper, an embedding method is proposed based on an absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC)-compressed image. High and low mean tables are extracted from a compressed image and are divided into non-overlapping blocks. An adaptive variable N-bit bit plane truncation image embedding method is proposed to embed the secret data in each block. In this method, at the receiver end, the secret data are extracted, and the original AMBTC image could be recovered by recalling the stored peak and zero points. In addition, a chaotic encryption scheme is integrated into the proposed system to improve robustness against security vulnerability. The results show that the proposed method has superior performance and higher payload compared with the reference methods. INDEX TERMS Reversible data hiding, absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC), encryption, chaos.
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