Primary liver cancer is one of leading causes of death globally. Liver cancer has the uniqueness of geographical distribution as it predisposes viral infection etiologies and aging effects. We speculate if the human development index (HDI), current health expenditure (CHE) per capita, and current health expenditure on gross domestic product (CHE/GDP) can affect the incidence numbers, mortality numbers, or mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) of liver cancer worldwide. Data was obtained from GLOBOCAN health data and statistics from the World Health Organization. MIRs and the changes in MIR over time (𝛿MIR) were used to evaluate the correlation of expenditures on healthcare and the HDI disparities via Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The incidence and mortality of crude rate have significant associations with HDI, CHE per capita, and CHE/GDP. Specifically, there were significant associations between 𝛿MIR and HDI as well as between 𝛿MIR and CHE per capita. However, there were no significant associations between 𝛿MIR and CHE/GDP. We evidenced that favorable liver cancer 𝛿MIR was not associated with CHE/GDP, although it had significant association with HDI and CHE per capita. This result is worthy of the attention of the public health system all over the world.
Primary liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Liver cancer has a unique geographical distribution, as its etiologies include chronic viral infections and aging. We hypothesize that the human development index (HDI), current health expenditure (CHE) per capita, and CHE-to-gross domestic product ratio (CHE/GDP) influence the incidence, mortality, and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) of liver cancer worldwide. Data were obtained from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) database and the World Health Organization. MIRs and the changes in MIR over time (𝛿MIR) were used to evaluate the correlation of expenditures on healthcare and the HDI disparities via Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The crude incidence and mortality were significantly associated with HDI, CHE per capita, and CHE/GDP. Specifically, there were significant associations between 𝛿MIR and HDI, as well as between 𝛿MIR and CHE per capita. However, there were no significant associations between 𝛿MIR and CHE/GDP. Evidently, a favorable liver cancer 𝛿MIR was not associated with CHE/GDP, although it had a significant association with HDI and CHE per capita. These results are worthy of the attention of public health systems in correlation to improved outcomes in liver cancer.
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