communication, empowerment, organizational ethical climate,

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cross-level relationship between moral obligation violation, overall justice climate, and survivors’ commitment. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained from 25 companies with 261 individual employees’ cases from three main industries in Taiwan (n=25/261). Findings – Organizations which have moral obligation violation during layoff would directly influence survivors’ perceptions of justice and further affect survivors’ level of affective commitment. Originality/value – This is one of the first studies to provide evidence of the relationship between moral obligation violation, overall justice climate and survivors’ affective commitment. Additionally, most studies of survivors’ attitude and behavior are based on the third-party perspective; this study is the first to argue that survivors are also affected by employers’ layoff as well as victims. The influence of layoff will lead to survivors’ subsequent attitude and behavior.

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Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to propose that self-leadership has a complementary relationship with charismatic leadership, thus not substituting for the influence of charismatic leadership in the contexts of internalization and identification. Design/methodology/approach -Data were collected from 991 employees of 20 organizations. The research hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. Findings -The results demonstrated that many self-leadership skills acted as supplement/enhancer of charismatic leadership behaviors, except for self-talk. The authors' interpretation was that self-talk had a very different functional quality from the other self-leadership skills, such as visualizing successful performance and evaluating beliefs and assumptions.Research limitations/implications -The authors recommend that the self-talk scale should be modified by specifying a constructive content to make it compatible with the other self-leadership subscales. Finally, more research should be devoted to determining whether leaders' unconventional behavior becomes dysfunctional in the presence of employees' self-leadership, especially in Confucian countries that place emphasis on tradition and harmony. Practical implications -The neutralizing effects of self-talk point to the fact that past bad experience counts. Thus, the authors suggest that management takes responsibility for explaining change failure and seeking employees' feedback to prevent employees from developing negative self-talk. Originality/value -Based on self-concept theory, the paper parallels self-leadership to charismatic leadership in terms of their influence on the individual's value and identity and proposes and tests for a complementary relationship between both leadership capabilities.

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Most of the Taiwan's local qualitative research on gender roles is mainly based on text analysis, and rarely uses image analysis. Most of the gender textbooks are taken from the West and have no local characteristics. Therefore, this study explores the female elders through visual analysis of images. The connotation and construction of gender experience under the patriarchal system. . . Female elders said that when they were young, boys would be sent to be apprentices; girls would help with housework at home, after that, the former gets the money-making tools, while the latter gets the housewife skills. In these pictures, you can clearly see the gender comparison between the inside and outside of the home, making money / losing money, useful / useless, and these actions continue to strengthen the gender norms.In the diet picture of "boy eating white rice, girl eating sweet potato ", the mother is the promoter of this interactive scene, she uses the white rice and sweet potato for gender distribution, then the dissatisfaction expressed from the girl, and the boy's superior expression, Recalling the gender atmosphere that created the male superiority. It can be seen that the gender norm is not a static classification, but a series of interactions between mothers, boys and girls.

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