In Taiwan, the courses that middle-school students take are highly competitive. School performance is highly valued by society and parents, and high achievers are more popular among their peers and neighbors. Ninthgrade students spend a great deal of time preparing to pass the entrance examinations of high schools. Therefore, the performance of students in school hypothetically influences their levels of self-esteem and anxiety.Early studies in the United States have consistently pointed to a negative relationship between anxiety and academic achievement among elementary school and college students. High anxiety is associated with relatively low academic performance. Head and Lindsey (1983) reviewed the research literature as it related to college students and found that the anxiety levels of college students had a negative effect on their academic performance. Head and Lindsey (1 983) and Lunneborg (1 964) further indicated that there is a larger negative correlation between anxiety and achievement for female elementary school students than for male elementary school students. On the other hand, cross-cultural studies conducted in the United States, Canada, and Mexico by Richmond and Millar (1984), and in Canada, Japan, and the United States by Richmond, Sukemune, Ohmoto, Kawamoto, and Hamazaki (1984) indicated that sex was not related to levels of anxiety among students in elementary schools.Early studies (Combs, 1964;Dyson, 1967;Fink, 1962;Sears, 1970) performed on the relationship between the self-concepts and academic achievement of students in the United States showed that a positive relationship
This study compares the worldviews of 64 American, 37 Chinese, and 29 Irish graduate counseling students on the Scale to Assess World Views (SAWV; Ibrahim & Kahn, 1987). All of the students were master's students at universities in their respective countries. Results indicated that the Chinese were more individualistic than were either the Americans or the Irish, whereas the Irish saw human nature as more good than either the Chinese or the Americans.
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