The paper presents an assessment of the acceptable tourist bathing load with regard to the physical, real, and effective carrying capacity of coastal beaches. In the case study of the Town of Mali Lošinj (Croatia), the paper scrutinises the carrying capacity of beaches categorised according to their basic characteristics and presents an analysis of beach capacity in the real conditions of the 2018 tourist season and in three hypothetical scenarios, two of which involve the application of recommendations for COVID-19 epidemiological measures. The basic hypothesis of the paper is that the real carrying capacity of beaches in the researched area under normal conditions is close to the upper load limits and that the carrying capacity of beaches will no longer be sufficient (vis-à-vis demand) when epidemiological recommendations are applied. The aim of this paper is to provide measurable bases for sustainable physical plans and development policies in tourism.
Tourism generates diverse and complex economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts on space. Tourism organizers and service providers tend to emphasize the positive effects, and often underestimate or neglect negative environmental impacts. The environmental impact of tourism is clearly visible in the transportation of tourists from their homes to their destinations and back, thus generating significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that directly participate in global warming. In order to determine the intensity of the impact of transport (for tourism purposes) on the environment, or more specifically on CO2 emissions, the Carbon Footprint method (CF) is increasingly applied in modern scientific research. The possibilities of CF research in the form of case studies can be monitored in an increasing number and in various fields of research, confirming the value of the method. This review paper analyses the development and application of the CF method in the sustainable development of tourism and specifically sports tourism. By reviewing and analysing the relevant CF literature represented in the WoSCC database, this paper presents the basics of the scientific methodology of CF and its development and application from the aspect of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on the application of CF in measuring the environmental impact of tourism. The research points out the potential contribution of future CF research and complement methods in the overall picture of environmental burden. This should give an agenda and impetus for future research of sustainable development within the topic of the environmental burden generated by tourism.
U radu se predstavljaju rezultati određivanja lokalnog ugljikova (ekološkog) otiska cjelogodišnjega linijskog pomorskog prometa na području otoka Cresa i Lošinja. U obliku studije slučaja izdvojeno je lokalno opterećenje okoliša emisijom CO 2 u atmosferu kao posljedica cjelogodišnjih trajektnih, brzobrodskih i brodskih linja. U opterećenju okoliša izdvojeni su otisci za potrebe rezidentnog stanovništva i turizmom generirani otisak u linijskome pomorskom prometu. Rad se temelji na hipotezi da je ugljikov otisak pomorskog prometa dominantno pod utjecajem turizma i pokazuje godišnje oscilacije usko vezane uz turističku aktivnost na otocima. Njegov je doprinos na teorijskoj razini aktualizacija izdvajanja parcijalnih turističkih otisaka, a na aplikativnoj razini izračun otisaka kao podloge za razvoj strategija i planova za održivi razvoj otočnih i ostalih prostora. Rezultati rada pokazuju da je parcijalno oterećenje okoliša linijskim pomorskim prometom maleno te iznosi 2,3 % od biokapaciteta lokalnog mora te da turizam u tom opterećenju sudjeluje s 36,5 %. Cilj rada jest doprinos revitalizaciji i održivom razvoju otoka kao prirodno očuvanih i visokovrijednih prostora.
The paper presents valuation of the local electro-energetic carbon footprint on the islands of Cres and Lošinj (The Northern Adriatic, Republic of Croatia). In the form of a case study the article isolates the locally allocated but globally present environmental burden caused by CO2 emission into the atmosphere as the result of electrical energy production. Within the environmental burden, the residents’ footprint and the footprint generated by tourism have been isolated. The hypothesis the article is based on presumes that the local electro-energetic carbon footprint is dominantly under the influence of tourism and shows annual oscillations closely related to the number of tourists on the islands. The article's contribution on theoretical level is the actualization of partial tourist footprints isolation, while on applicative level its contribution is in footprint calculations as a foundation for articulation of sustainable development strategies and spatial planning based on the actual human influence on the environment. The overall aim of the work is to contribute to revitalization and sustainable development of the islands as exceptionally valuable naturally preserved areas.
Rad prikazuje određivanje lokalnoga plavog vodnog otiska na otocima Cresu i Lošinju (Sjeverni Jadran, Republika Hrvatska). U radu je u obliku studije slučaja izdvojeno opterećenje okoliša crpljenjem vode iz Vranskog jezera za potrebe stanovništva i gospodarstva prisutnog na cresko-lošinjskom otočju. Hipoteza na kojoj se zasniva rad tvrdi kako je lokalni plavi vodni otisak dominantno pod utjecajem turizma i pokazuje godišnje oscilacije usko povezane s brojem turista i ne rezidenata na otocima. U opterećenju okoliša izdvojeni su lokalni plavi vodni otisci rezidentnoga stanovništva kao i otisak nerezidenata i turista na otocima. Za provjeru i usporedbu rezultati za otoke Cres i Lošinj stavljeni su u odnos sa sličnim turističkim regijama na području Hrvatske (Crikvenica) i Španjolske (Mallorca). Rad na teorijskoj razini aktualizira izdvajanje parcijalnih turističkih otisaka, dok na praktičnoj razini donosi izračun lokalnoga plavog vodnog otisaka kao podloge za kreiranje održivih razvojnih strategija i prostornih planova utemeljenih na stvarnim utjecajima ljudskoga djelovanja na okoliš.Ključne riječi: plavi vodni otisak, vodoopskrba, turizam, Cres, Lošinj, Crikvenica, Mallorca The paper presents the local blue water footprint of tourism on the islands of Cres and Lošinj (Northern Adriatic, Croatia). The paper contains a case study of the specific environmental impact caused by exploitation of Lake Vrana to satisfy the needs of the population and economies of Cres and Lošinj. The hypothesis this paper is based on maintains that the local blue water footprint has predominantly been caused by tourism and that it has demonstrates annual fluctuations, closely linked to the number of tourists and non-residents present on the islands in question. The blue water footprints of residents, non-residents, and tourists were examined separately in the course of studying the environmental burden. To verify and compare the results for Cres and Lošinj, they were viewed in relation to similar tourist regions in Croatia (Crikvenica) and Spain (Mallorca). The paper is theoretically focused on singling out partial tourism footprints, while its practical aspect is visible in the calculation of the local blue water footprint, as the foundation for creating sustainable development strategies and spatial plans based on the real impact of human actions on the environment. UvodOtoci Cres i Lošinj (Sjeverni Jadran, Republika Hrvatska) dio su sjevernojadranskoga otočja te čine funkcionalnu cjelinu, antropogenim kanalom fizički podijeljenu na dva otoka. Opće razvojno stanje na području otoka Cresa i Lošinja je ispod resursnih mogućnosti koje nudi otočni prostor, što je prvenstveno uzrokovano nepovoljnim prometnim položajem otoka te dugotrajnim emigracijskim obilježjima prostora (Grofelnik, 2011). U gospodarstvu dominiraju uslužne djelatnosti, a kao nositelj razvoja izdvaja se turizam zbog kojega su vrlo izražene godišnje oscilacije gospodarskih aktivnosti na otocima. Tijekom zimskoga dijela godine sve komercijalne djelatnosti pa tako i turizam g...
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