Tanz RD, Marcus SM (1966) Influence of endogenous cardiac catecholamine depletion on the force and rate of isolated heart preparations and their response to ouabain. J Pharamcol Exp Ther 151: 38-45 Thorpe WP (1973) Some effects of caffeine and quinidine on sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 51: 499-503 Thyrum PT (1974) Inotropic stimuli and systolic transmembrane calcium flow in depolarized guinea pig atria. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 188: 166-179 Tillisch J, Langer GA (1974) Myocardial mechanical responses and ionic exchange in high sodium perfusate. Circ Res 34: 40-50 Tillisch JH, Fung LK, Horn PM, Langer GA (1979) Transient and steady-state effects on sodium and calcium on myocardial contractile response. J Mol Cell Cardiol 11: 137-148 Weingart R, Kaas RS, Tsien RW (1978) Is digitalis inotropy associated with enhanced slow inward calcium current? Nature 217:389-392 Weiss R, Tritthart H, Walter B (1974) Correlation of Na-withdrawal effects on Ca-mediated action potentials and contractile activity in cat ventricular myocardium. Pfluegers Arch 350: 299-307 Wendt IR, Langer GA (1977) The sodium-calcium relationship in mammalian myocardium. Effects of sodium deficient perfusion on calcium fluxes. J Mol CellSUMMARY We compared pump function of left and right ventricles in isolated ejecting cat hearts in which the natural series arrangement between the two sides of the heart was broken. The relationship between mean ventricular pressure and output obtained by varying the arterial load, the so-called pump function graph, and the mean external power output found at the various load levels, was taken as the basis for the comparison. The way in which pressures and flow generated by the right ventricle are changed by alterations in resistance and compliance of the loading arterial system, is qualitatively similar to what has been found in a previous study for the left side of the heart, in spite of the structural differences. The right ventricular pump function curve differs from the left ventricular curve in the absolute scale for the mean pressure axis, but if the scale is adjusted appropriately, the two curves look alike. Both ventricles appear matched to the input impedances of their respective arterial systems because both of them generate the maximum external power under the normal loading conditions. Right ventricular pump function is dependent on the left ventricular contraction mode. The presence of an isovolumic beat on the left side of the heart enhances right ventricular pump function. This is in contrast to the very small effect of the right ventricular contraction pattern on the pump function of the left side of the heart. Circ Res 46: 564-574, 1980STRIKING differences exist between the right and left sides of the heart. However, both ventricles have approximately the same output because of their series arrangement, and both are part of the same muscular structure, the heart. In spite of this tight connection, the two sides must have different pump characteristics refle...
Right ventricular performance of isolated supported cat hearts was experimentally characterized by a relationship among ventricular pressure (P), volume (V), and time after onset of systole. This characterization was combined with a hypothetical load network consisting of lumped central and peripheral lung vascular resistances (Rc and Rp), inertance (L), and compliance (C). We calculated ventricular and load pressure, flow, external ventricular work (Wext), static ventricular P-V energy (Wstat), and pump efficiency Q = Wext/Wstat over a broad range of load conditions. Magnitudes of load network variables resulting in a maximum value of Q would define the load impedance matching the ventricle. A practical optimum magnitude of lumped vascular compliance was obtained at C = 150 x 10(-6) g-1 . cm4, above which no substantial change in Q took place. We obtained maximum Q at approximately 4 ml stroke volume (heart rate = 2 Hz) and at characteristic impedance between 0.75 and 1.1 x 10(3)g . cm-1 . s-1. As these values are quite close to those encountered in the intact animal, we conclude that the right ventricular and the pulmonary arterial tree appear to constitute a matched pump-load system.
The output from the right ventricle (RV) was studied at different load impedances. Isolated cat hearts were perfused with Tyrode solution with erythrocytes. Coronary perfusion pressure and RV end-diastolic pressure were kept constant. The RV pumped into an artificial hydraulic load with independently variable resistance (R) and compliance (C). Mean RV flow (RVO) decreased after R increase or C reduction. For each heart, RVO and mean RV pressure were linearly related. The slope of the regression line is interpreted as an "apparent source resistance" (Rs). Rs was on average 3.4 X 10(3) (dyn.s.cm-5). The static hydraulic power output was maximum at a certain load R (Rm). Rm was C dependent at an average high C of 5 X 10(-5) dyn-1.cm5, Rm was 9.4 X 10(3) dyn.s.cm-5 on average and shifted to 5.4 X 10(3) at low C (avg 0.8 X 10(-5). Theoretical considerations show that Rm/Rs will be equal to total heart period divided by ejection period in the extreme case C leads to infinity, and Rm/Rs leads to 1 when C leads to 0. Experimentally, Rm/Rs was 2.4 (avg) for high C, and approached 1 for low C, which fits the theoretical predictions. The results indicate that high C facilitates the matching between the right heart and the vascular resistance in the lung.
Impedance matching in the cardiovascular system is discussed in light of two models of ventricle and load: a Thevenin equivalent consisting of a hydromotive pressure source and an internal, source resistance and compliance in parallel; and a time-varying compliance filled from a constant pressure source and ejecting into a load of three components, a central resistor, a compliance, and a peripheral resistance. According to the Thevenin analog, the energy source and the load are matched when the load resistance is T/t times the internal source resistance (T is total cycle length, t is systolic time interval). Both from this model and from the variable compliance model it appears that optimum matching between source and load depends on the compliance of the Windkessel, as low compliance shifts the matching load resistance to a low value. Animal experiments (isolated cat hearts) indicated that both left and right ventricles at normal loads work close to their maxima of output hydraulic power, and, according to experiments in the right ventricle, maximum power output is related to load resistance and compliance as predicted by the above models. From an experimentally determined relationship among instantaneous ventricular pressure and volume (right ventricle of isolated cat hearts), an optimum load impedance was calculated on the basis of the assumption that the ratio between stroke work and static, potential energy developed in the ventricular cavity is maximum. The optimum load impedance found by this procedure closely resembles the normal input impedance of the cat lung vessel bed.
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