The energy production from the solar photovoltaic power plants is highly dependent on the meteorological and physical conditions such as solar radiation, ambient and panel’s surface temperature, inclination of the photovoltaic (PV) panel construction etc. The I-V curves are the most important for estimation the functionality and production of each PV panel, as well as finding the maximum power point (MPP) of it. Because of the continuous generation of energy, the silicon crystal of the PV modules begins to depreciate and this decreases the energy production. In real-world operating conditions, revealing the energy state of the PV panels is the main point for estimating the PV panels’ efficiency. Furthermore, one complete approach, including electrical measurements and temperature distribution information over the PV panels’ surface, can reveal the risky elements (subcells) and provide data for prevention damages and working interruptions. This paper presents a method for PV monitoring in which conventional electrical instrumentation devises and thermographic camera are used, in order to estimate the real physical state of the PV panels’.
The renewable energy take part in the most of the electric power systems in the modern world. The part of this type of energy in the global electric power system, as well as in the local scale, increases with the setting the stricter requirements for decreasing the level of the carbon dioxide emissions. This is the result of the newest international conventions and decision for saving the nature. By these conditions, the electric power systems are forced to work with more different types of energy sources: wind power, photovoltaic, biomass plants etc. Switching of such miscellaneous power sources, leads to complicated transient processes, which are developed due to specific electrical parameters, especially harmonic components, of the synchronous generators, photovoltaic and wind power plants. This paper represents data from measurements of the transient processes into the physical model of the electric power system with predominant part of renewable energy and assesses the applicability of the model. For conducting this study, the multichannel DAQ measurement system is used.
Bottlenose dolphins' broadband click vocalizations are well studied in the literature with respect to their echolocation function. Their use for communication among conspecifics has long been speculated, but not conclusively established so far. In this study we categorize dolphins' click productions into types on the basis of their amplitude contour and analyze the distribution of individual clicks and click sequences against their duration and length. We demonstrate that the repertoire and composition of clicks and click sequences follow three key linguistic laws of efficient communication, namely, Zipf's rank-frequency law, the law of brevity and Menzerath-Altmann law. Conforming to the rank-frequency law suggests that clicks may form a linguistic code that is subject to selective pressures for unification, on the one hand, and diversification, on the other. Conforming to the other two laws also implies that dolphins use clicks in accord with the compression criterion, or minimization of code length without loss of information. Our results furnish novel evidence for conformity to the linguistic laws in this type of dolphins' signal and in the realm of animal vocalizations more generally.
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