Probiotics are routinely used in poultry husbandry due to health benefit on the host. The gut microbiota is now recognized to exert an important influence on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of many compounds. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of candidate probiotics belonging to the species Lactobacillus brevis, L. plantarum and L. bulgaricus on pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in healthy chickens. The probiotic administration leads to higher degree of metabolism of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin in liver. The antibacterial drug was significantly faster absorbed (kab of 0.61 ± 0.54 h(-1) and Tmax 7.81 ± 3.52 h) at lower concentrations (Cmax of 1.34 ± 0.18 μg·g(-1)) during the first 24 h of treatment in the probiotic's group. The values of kab , Tmax , and Cmax for the group, treated solely with enrofloxacin, were 0.10 ± 0.065 h(-1), 15.42 ± 3.07 h, and 1.61 ± 0.24 μg·g(-1), respectively. A significantly higher concentration of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the liver was observed in the group with the probiotic treatment. Disposition of both drugs was not significantly changed in the duodenum and in the jejunum. The selected dose is appropriate for treatment of infections caused by pathogens with MIC < 0.06 μg·mL(-1) irrespective of antibiotic administration alone or in combination with probiotics.
In this paper, we describe the antibacterial action of Ag-doped Al2O3 nanolayers deposited by RF reactive magnetron sputtering on stainless-steel surgical and microsurgical instruments. Synthesizing Ag/Al2O3 protective coatings is necessary for suppressing the infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms following the application of surgical instruments. We further conducted microbiological studies on the action of the nanocomposite Ag/Al2O3 layers against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). The microbiological studies conducted proved the antibacterial effect of the nanocomposite Ag/Al2O3 layers, the strongest effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus being observed after 48 hours of exposure. Also, the Ag/Al2O3 nanolayers showed no cytotoxic effect. Our experimental findings suggest a very promising application of such antibacterial Ag/Al2O3 nanolayers regarding the reduction of infections when stainless-steel surgical and microsurgical instruments are used.
The report discusses the microbiological status of the Yantra River in the region of the town of Veliko Tarnovo. Water samples collected at 11 points of the river stretch were analyzed for quantification of E. coli and coliforms, intestinal enterococci and heterotrophic bacteria. It was found increased levels of fecal indicator bacteria in the river waters, varying over time and along the riverside. The number of viable E. coli and enterococci increased under the influence of untreated wastewater influx and the Belitsa River.
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