BackgroundThe Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG), encodes a member of the peroxisome‐activated receptor subfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) which regulate transcription of various genes. Three subtypes of PPARs are known: PPAR‐alpha, PPAR‐delta and PPAR‐gamma. The protein encoded by this gene is PPAR‐gamma which is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation. PPARG‐gamma has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. AimThis study aimed to perform insilico analysis to predict the effects that can be imposed by SNPs reported in PPARG gene. MethodologyThis gene was investigated in NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) during the year 2016 and the SNPs in coding region (exonal SNPs) that are non‐synonymous (ns SNPs) were analyzed by computational softwares. SIFT, Polyphen, I‐Mutant and PHD‐SNP softwares). SIFT was used to filter the deleterious SNPs, Polyphen was used to determine the degree of pathogenicity, I‐Mutant was used to determine the effect of mutation on protein stability while PHD‐SNP software was used to investigate the effect of mutation on protein function. Furthermore, Structural and functional analysis of ns SNPs was also studied using Project HOPE software and modeling was conducted by Chimera. ResultsA total of 34,035 SNPs from NCBI, were found, 21,235 of them were found in Homo sapiens, 134 in coding non synonymous (missense) and 89 were synonymous. Only SNPs present in coding regions were selected for analysis. Out of 12 deleterious SNPs sorted by SIFT, 10 were predicted by Polyphen to be probably damaging with PISC score = 1 and only two were benign. All these 10 double positive SNPs were disease related as predicted by PHD‐SNPs and revealed decreased stability indicated by I‐Mutant. ConclusionBased on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the deleterious ns SNPs (rs72551364 and rs121909244SNPs) of PPARG are important candidates for the cause of different types of human diseases including diabetes mellitus.
Background: Moringa oleifera which is available in many areas all over the world including Sudan is low-cost and traditionally used in the treatment of many disorders, including malnutrition. This study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves in renal, liver functions and complete blood count (CBC) parameters, and its potential as therapy for malnutrition.Materials and methods: This was an experimental case control study using twenty-five Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into three groups: normal protein diet group, low protein diet with or without M. oleifera extract groups. We determined rats' weight, CBC parameters, blood mineral concentrations, as well as liver and renal functions at day 0, 7, and 14.Results: Our findings showed that rats' weight were significantly different between the three groups at day 0, 7, and 14. Rats' weight, blood sodium, potassium, calcium, and urea concentration, as well as Hb concentration, TWBCs count, total platelets count, and %lymphocyte showed significant differences between three groups at day 0, 7, and 14.Conclusion: M. oleifera leaves can be used as potential therapy for malnutrition because they have some effects on weight, blood mineral concentrations, renal and liver function, as well as CBC parameters.Keywords: ALP, AST, ALT, creatinine, Moringa oleifera
Background: Peptic ulcer is one of the most common gastrointestinal tract diseases which affect the stomach. This study aimed to determine the effect of aragi on the adult rats' stomach and investigate the effect of water as a therapeutic agent on aragi-induced ulcerations.Materials and methods: Thirty-five adult Wistar albino rats were used in this experimental study. Five rats were sacrificed on day 0, 5 rats were used as a control group, and 25 rats were treated with aragi. On day 15, all rats in the control group and five aragi-treated rats were sacrificed for histological examination of the stomachs. The remaining 20 rats were stopped from aragi intake and 10 of them were treated with water for 15 days. After 15 day, all rats were sacrificed for histopathological examination of their stomachs. Stomach tissues were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and documented under a microscope.Results: Our research showed that aragi-treated rats had different severity of peptic ulcers after 15 days of continuous aragi intake, while the control group showed normal stomach histology. Nine out of 10 rats treated by water after aragi treatment also showed normal stomach histology.Conclusion: Aragi is a causative agent for peptic ulcer and water can be used as potential natural therapy for treating ulcerative stomach.Keywords: aragi, water, stomach, peptic ulcer
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