This paper describes the use of concepts from Social Networks and Social Exchange theories to implement an evidence-based practice in afterschool programs. The members of the LEGACY Together Afterschool Project team conduct collaborative research to design and deliver a behavioral strategy that has been documented to reduce disruptive behaviors in classroom settings to a new setting—that of afterschool programs. We adapted the Paxis Institute’s version of the Good Behavior Game (PaxGBG) to context of afterschool, which exhibits many differences from in-school settings, including more fluid attendance, multiple age groupings, diverse activities that may take place simultaneously, and differences in staff training and experience (Barrish, Saunders, & Wolf, 1969; Embry, Straatemeier, Richardson, Lauger, & Mitich, 2003; Hynes, Perkins, & Smith, 2009; Kellam et al., 2008). This paper presents the experiences of the three adult groups involved in the implementation process who give first-person accounts of implementation: 1) university-based scientist, 2) community partners who trained and provided technical assistance/coaching, and 3) an afterschool program administrator. We introduce here the AIMS model used to frame the implementation process conceptualized by this town-gown collaborative team. AIMS builds upon previous work in implementation science using four phases in which the three collaborators have overlapping roles: Approach/engagement, Implementation, Monitoring, and Sustainability. Within all four phases principles of Social Exchange Theory (SET) and Social Network Theory (SNT) are highlighted.
The Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment was agreed and signed in November 2001, together with a Protocol for the aviation sector. In the Final Act of the Convention, states were urged to adopt Protocols for the rail and space sectors, also dedicated to protecting private law security rights of lenders and lessors. The treaty design of a protocol for a specific industry reflects the need to deal with particular industry problems. The urgent world-wide requirement for private investment in rolling stock at attractive rates is driving the industry’s need for security. Rolling stock is constantly crossing jurisdictional boundaries, potentially undermining any pledge or other security interest held by a funder in a financed asset. The Rail Protocol is still a work in progress. After three government experts’ meetings, the basic content is clear, however there is still a need to refine ideas in relation to difficult issues such as bankruptcy, asset identification, scope of the protocol, the ‘public interest’ modifying or restraining creditor rights, as well as transitional problems. As far as possible, pending the diplomatic conference to approve the protocol, these issues should be confronted directly rather than dealt with by opt-ins and opt-outs. Only a unified international law approach to creditor’s security can unlock the exciting potential of the Convention for the rail industry.
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