Sample No. Assigned sample number indicates that measurement was made in our laboratory. No sample number means that conductivity measurement was obtained from literature or from another source. See Remarks column. Mineral. Chemical formulae are generally for pure end members and are the formulae to which the theoretical densities (column 7) correspond. For many samples, the chemical composition is poorly known. Theoretical density. Data from Robie, and others (1966). They refer to idealized formula given under "Mineral". Temperature. The temperature at which the conductivity measurement was made. Pressure. The axial pressure on the sample. Remarks. Wards, sample from Wards Natural Science Establishment, Inc.; USNM, sample from U.S. National Museum: their number follows in parentheses. X-ray, indicates that composition was verified by X-ray diffraction. Heavy reliance has been placed on Clark's (1966) tabulation, and in some cases the original sources have not been checked. Wards, Joplin, Mo. Light gray, xls <0.1 an. Wards. Dover Cliff, England. Dark gray, xls <0.1 an. Wards. Virgin Valley, Nev. White, xls <0.1 mm. Ratcliffe (1959) from curve K versus T. Feldspar group Or t hod as e KAlSi.O..
Unconfined and triaxial stress tests were conducted on dry and saturated shale from El Paso's Wagon Wheel No. 1 well. The material tested is in general a very competent shale containing stringers of silt and sand, producing local inhomogeneities which effect unconfined fracture, but do not significantly effect the behavior at higher mean normal pressures. Strong sensitivity of deviatoric maximum stress to mean pressure is observed for dry material, while little increase in deviatoric strength with pressure occurs for the fully saturated material. Dilation accompanies distortional deformation; however, softening or ease of compaction occurs at small distortional strains, before substantial dilation begins. In detail, the deviatoric stiffness (apparent shear modulus) and the pressure-volume relation (compressibility) are stress state and stress path dependent, while the deviatoric strength path dependent, while the deviatoric strength is only stress state dependent. Introduction Mechanical properties of a shale material were obtained for El Paso Natural Gas Company to be used in shock calculations to determine rock breakage, and hence increased permeability, caused by nuclear explosion. The samples tested were taken from a core at the 10,215–10,216 foot depth in El Paso's Wagon Wheel No. 1 well, NW/4 Section 5, Township 30N, Range 108W, Sublette County, Wyoming. Small samples were dry cored from the large core provided by El Paso and tested unconfined and provided by El Paso and tested unconfined and confined to pressures of 6 kbars. Both dry and fully saturated samples were tested, parallel and perpendicular to the large core parallel and perpendicular to the large core axis. Petrofabric analysis was made and photomicrographic observations taken to photomicrographic observations taken to predict and better understand the mechanism predict and better understand the mechanism of fracture. Similar tests were previously conducted for El Paso on a large core of sandstone from 10180.4–10181.0 foot depth. These results are reported in Terra Tek report "Testing Program Conducted for El Paso Natural Gas Company" August, 1970. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE Test techniques are similar, and were described in detail in the previous El Paso report, and in other reports, and will therefore only briefly be covered here.
This paper was prepared for preeentatlon at the SPE Gee TaohnolWy Symposium, held In Dallas, TX, June 13-15, 198S.Thie paper wee wletfwl for presentation by an SPF PrQram Commlttae followlno review of Information contalnad in an abstract submitted by the author(e). contents of the paper, aapresented, have not Men reviewed tIy the *I6V ofPalrolaum Englnaera andare subject tooo!raatlon bythe autt'mr(a). The matsrial, as presented, dma r,ot n-aearib' raf!eat any poaitlon of the society of Patroleum Englneera, Ita oft Icer$, or members. Papara presented at SPE meetlnga are autrjeot to publication ra,daw by Editorial Cammlttsee ofthe Soolety ofPetroleum Englnears. Perm18alonto sopy la restricted to an abattact ot not more than X4 words. I,luatratlons may not be copied. The abstraot should oantain conapicuoua acknowledgment of where and by tiom the paper la present@ Write Publlcationa Manager, SPE, P.O. BOX233S26, Richardecn, TX 750S3-W36. Telex, 7302S9 SPEDAL.kBSTRACT wells and standard well spacing. Analysia of shale gaa production mechanisms indicated that an Gas production for a 10-year period was simulated increase in the amount of surface area connected for 16 vertical shot wells located in a 2,066-acre to the borehole by fracturea could cause more of (8.36 x 10sm2) area containing aeven active vertithe adsorbed gaa to be released and produced over cal wells. The performance of several horizmtal the entire life of the well. This potential wells waa simulated and the results were compared increase in recovery efficiency was thought to be with that of the 16 vertical wells. Finally, the achievable using a directionally drilled horizontal horizontal and vertical wells were compared to well to cross natural fractures. Afterwarda, the determine the best method for developin8 a virgin horizontal well would be stimulated to increase th< reservoir. Aa few as four uruatimulated2,000 ft surface area in contact with the borehole. (6IO m) horizontal wells were found to produce 1.5 times aa much gas as 16 vertical shot wells, Infill drilling using horizontal wells is a relaand only two hydraulically fractured horizontal tively new concept as a field development strategy, wells were needed to almost match the production of A comprehensive reservcir simulation study has beer he four unstimulated horizontal wells. In a vir-conducted to compecrehorizontal shale wells with giw reservoir, four unstimulated horizontal wells vertical shale wells for infill drilling and virgi[ accounted for 95 percent of the total production reservoir development in Wayne County, West Virfrom 23 vertical wells. ginia, an area where vertical well gas production haa been historically high and no permeability
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