Tests for correlation between the NCREIF (NC) Index and EREIT Index. A multiple time series methodology is used to control for spurious correlation, allow for leading and lagging relationships, and to control for autoregressive moving average processes found in the time series. The underlying variables generating returns for the investor, current cash flow and capital appreciation, are analysed separately. Significant correlation is found between the NC cash flows and EREIT dividends. Significant correlation is not observed between the NC portfolio and EREIT when capital values are analysed. Suggests that one or both series are not a good measure of real estate returns.
The occurrence of self injurious behavior is common among mentally retarded children (Baumeister & Rollings, 1976). When it occurs with severe intensity and durability, self injurious behavior presents dangerous health hazards for the child. Smolev (1971) and Johnson and Baumeister (1978) reviewed a variety of alternative treatments that have been used with some success. Choice of treatment procedure often depends on ethical and practical considerations that vary from setting to setting and from subject to subject (Schneider, Ross, & Dubin, 1979).Occurrence of self injurious behavior in the classroom presents a particularly difficult problem. In addition to the immediate danger to the child, the occurrence of frequent self injurious episodes disrupts the ongoing educational programs for the target child as well as for other children. The child is often encumbered at school with restraining devices hat do not eliminate self injurious behavior, but are intended to reduce its physical damage. Among the most common restraining devices are heavy cardboard arm sleeves and protective headgear similar to a football helmet. Unfortunately, they limit the child's mobility and his or her subsequent ability to perform appropriately in many situations. A teacher is then presented with two alternatives: to circumvent the educational problems created by these restraining devices or to develop procedures to eliminate the self injurious behavior and the accompanying protective restraints.The child who has worn protective restraints for a long time is often subdued while the restraints are on. Indeed, the child sometimes appears to prefer to wear them. Their abrupt removal frequently results in high rate bursts of self injurious behavior. In order to protect the child from physical harm, the restraints are usually immediately reapplied with the consequent problem that the child has then been inadvertently reinforced for the behavior. He or she has learned that the occurrence of self injurious behavior results in regaining the Copyright 1981 The Council for Exceptional Children TEACHING Exceptional Children restraints. Thus, removal of restraints by the teacher may have a negative effect. The program for removal of restraints described is presented as one practical alternative in a classroom situation. It is based on positive reinforcement, and puts control for removal of the restraints in the hands of the child. In a relatively brief time, the child is systematically taught to remove his or her own restraints.
PROGRAM TO REMOVE PROTECTIVE RESTRAINTSThe following program was used with Paul, an 18 year old Down's syndrome youth and a student in a self contained special education class for the severely retarded in a large metropolitan public school system. Paul had been seriously self injurious for many years. A variety of techniques to reduce self injurious behavior had been tried, but reliable and durable results were not achieved. At the initiation of the present program, there were bruises, reddened skin, and scar tissue on his fa...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.