Background Malaria causes more than 200 million cases of illness and 400,000 deaths each year across 90 countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal for 35 countries to eliminate malaria by 2030, with an intermediate milestone of 10 countries by 2020. In 2017, the WHO established the Elimination-2020 (E-2020) initiative to help countries achieve their malaria elimination goals and included 21 countries with the potential to eliminate malaria by 2020. Methods Across its three levels of activity (country, region and global), the WHO developed normative and implementation guidance on strategies and activities to eliminate malaria; provided technical support and subnational operational assistance; convened national malaria programme managers at three global meetings to share innovations and best practices; advised countries on strengthening their strategy to prevent re-establishment and preparing for WHO malaria certification; and contributed to maintaining momentum towards elimination through periodic evaluations, monitoring and oversight of progress in the E-2020 countries. Changes in the number of indigenous cases in E-2020 countries between 2016 and 2020 are reported, along with the number of countries that eliminated malaria and received WHO certification. Results The median number of indigenous cases in the E-2020 countries declined from 165.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 14.25–563.75) in 2016 to 78 (IQR 0–356) in 2020; 12 (57%) countries reported reductions in indigenous cases over that period, of which 7 (33%) interrupted malaria transmission and maintained a malaria-free status through 2020 and 4 (19%) were certified malaria-free by the WHO. Two countries experienced outbreaks of malaria in 2020 and 2021 attributed, in part, to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions Although the E-2020 countries contributed to the achievement of the 2020 global elimination milestone, the initiative highlights the difficulties countries face to interrupt malaria transmission, even when numbers of cases are very low. The 2025 global elimination milestone is now approaching, and the lessons learned, experience gained, and updated guidance developed during the E-2020 initiative will help serve the countries seeking to eliminate malaria by 2025.
À partir de nouvelles prospections et de comparaisons avec les travaux antérieurs, une interprétation syntaxonomique des végétations halo-chasmophytiques du littoral ouest-algérois a été entreprise dans ce travail. Il est décrit notamment le Crithmo maritimi-Limonietum psilocladi ass. nov., l'Arenario cerastioidis-Spergularietum tangerinae ass. nov., le Parapholido incurvae-Limonietum echioidis ass. nov. et un groupement à Sarcocornia fruticosa, se rapportant respectivement aux classes des Crithmo-Limonietea Br.-Bl. 1947, des
Aristolochia fontanesii Boiss. &R eut. (AR) Aristolochia sempervirens L. (•) ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus acutifolius L. (*) Asparagus albus L. (*) Barnardia numidica (Poir.) Speta (•,E) Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn Hyacinthoides lingulata (Poir.) Rothm (■,E) Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. (■) Oncostema peruviana (L.) Speta Ornithogalum kochii Parl. Prospero autumnale (L.) Speta (■) ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. (▲) Asplenium ceterach L. (▲) Asplenium trichomanes L. (*) ASTERACEAE Anacyclus clavatus (Desf.) Pers. Andryala integrifolia L. Artemisia arborescens (Vaill) L. Bellis annua L. Bellis sylvestris Cirillo. Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. Calendula suffruticosa Vahl. Carduus pycnocephalus L. Carduus spachianus Durieu Carlina racemosa L. Carthamus caeruleus L. Centaurea africana var.t agana Brot. Maire(■) Centaurea diluta subsp. algeriensis Coss. &D urieu (•,E) Centaurea calcitrapa Batt. (•) Centaurea involucrata Desf.(•) Centaurea maroccana Ball. (•) Centaurea pullata L. Centaurea sicula L. Centaurea sphaerocephala L. Coleostephus myconis (L) Rchb.f. Cichorium intybus L. Crepis vesicaria L. Crepis vesicaria subsp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell. Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Echinops spinosus L Erigeron bonariensis L. Filago gallica L. Filago pygmaea L. (•) Galactites tomentosus Moench Glebionis coronaria (L.) Spach Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourr. Hedypnois cretica (L.) Willd. Helichrysum stoechas L. DC. (*) Helminthotheca aculeata (Vahl) Lack Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub Hyoseris radiata L. Hypochaeris achyrophorus L. (•) Klasea flavescens subsp. mucronata (Desf.) Cantó &R ivas Mart. (•) Leontodon hispidulus (Del.) Boiss. Leontodon tuberosus L. Leuzea conifera (L.) DC. Pallenis maritima (L.) Greuter Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. Phagnalon saxatile (L.) Cass. Phagnalon sordidum (L.) DC. (•) Plagius grandis (L.) Alavi &H eywood (•,E) Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth. Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Gaerth. (■) Rhaponticoides africana (Lam.) M.V.Agab. &G reuter (■) Rhodanthemum gayanum (Coss &D urieu) B.H. Wilcox, K. Bremer &H umphries (•,R ,E) Scolymus grandiflorus Desf. Scolymus hispanicus L. Scolymus maculatus L. Senecio leucanthemifolius Poir. subsp. leucanthemifolius Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (*) Sonchus oleraceus L. Sonchus tenerrimus L. (•) Urospermum dalechampii (L.) F. W. Schmidt (•) Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop.e xF .W .S chmidt BORAGINACEAE Anchusa azurea Mill. Borago officinalis L. (*) Cynoglossum creticum Miller Echium sabulicola Pomel (•) Echium plantagineum L. Nonea vesicaria (L.) Rchb.(•) BRASSICACEAE Biscutella didyma L. Cakile maritima Scop.(AR) Guenthera amplexicaulis (Desf.) Gómez-Campo (•) Hirchsfeldia incana (L.) Lagrese subsp. adpressa Hirschfeldia incana subsp. geniculata (Desf.) Tzvelev Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. Matthiola tricuspidata (L.) R. Br. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Sinapis alba L. (•,*) Sinapis arvensis L. (*) Succowia balearica (L.) Medik (•) CACTACEAE Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. CAMPANULACEAE Campanula dichotoma ...
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