In patients who are receiving prolonged antiretroviral treatment (ART), HIV can persist within a small pool of long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells infected with integrated latent virus. This latent reservoir involves distinct memory subsets. Here we provide results that suggest a progressive reduction of the size of the blood latent reservoir around a core of less-differentiated memory subsets (central memory and stem cell-like memory (TSCM) CD4+ T cells). This process appears to be driven by the differences in initial sizes and decay rates between latently infected memory subsets. Our results also suggest an extreme stability of the TSCM sub-reservoir, the size of which is directly related to cumulative plasma virus exposure before the onset of ART, stressing the importance of early initiation of effective ART. The presence of these intrinsic dynamics within the latent reservoir may have implications for the design of optimal HIV therapeutic purging strategies.

on behalf of the ANRS HC-13 Lympho-C Study Group Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increases the risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL). Antiviral treatment (AT) can induce hematological responses in patients with marginal zone lymphomas (MZL). The ANRS HC-13 Lympho-C study aimed at a better understanding of the impact of AT on HCV associated B-NHL. This multicentric study enrolled 116 HCV-positive patients with B-NHL between 2006 and 2012. Cytological and histological samples were collected for centralized review. At lymphoma diagnosis, median age was 61 years and gender ratio M/F was 1. Cytohistological distribution was marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) n 5 45 (39%), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) n 5 45 (39%), and other types n 5 26 (22%). MZL patients had more frequent detection of rheumatoid factor (68% vs. 35%; P 5 0.001) and more frequently mixed cryoglobulinemia (74% vs. 44%; P 5 0.021) than patients with DLBCL. Among patients receiving AT, a sustained virologic response was achieved in 23 of 38 (61%) patients with MZL and in 9 of 17 (53%) with DLBCL (P 5 0.42). Three-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival were 78% 95%CI and 64% , respectively, without difference between cytohistological groups. Outcome analysis showed a favorable association between OS and AT in all patients (P 5 0.05) and in the subgroup of MZL patients only (P 5 0.04). Our data support that AT improves the outcomes of HCV-associated NHLs. The impact of new AT regimen with protease inhibitor needs to be investigated in this setting. [clinicalTrials.gov Identification number NCT01545544]Am.

Conclusion. The presence of RF or anti-CCP antibodies and elevated IgG are 2 simple biomarkers that can be used routinely before therapy to predict response to rituximab in patients with refractory RA.