Extramedullary cutaneous plasmacytoma is an uncommon observation in clinical practice. In most of the cases it is usually an extension of underlying medullary plasmacytoma. This case report describes a patient with IgD myeloma who went into plateau phase following standard intravenous chemotherapy. After more than a year in plateau phase, he developed multiple fleshy nodular lesions in the skin. Biopsy of one of the lesions revealed relapse of myeloma in the skin. His IgD paraprotein remained in plateau phase and the bone marrow showed only 1% plasma cells. The patient has been treated with systemic intravenous chemotherapy followed by local radiotherapy.
This paper pertains to the possible use of newly-synthesized vinyl acetate/acrylic acid (VA/AA) copolymer to help recover trapped crude oil, an important mineral resource. The proposed approach is to use the copolymer as a foaming surfactant (in water or brine), which will be driven by a gas, such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen. Neutralized forms of the copolymer result in an anionic surfactant, which has been found to have minimal adsorption onto the rock matrix. The neutralized VA/AA copolymers synthesized in this study are found to outperform other anionic surfactants and even more adsorbing nonionic surfactants. Due to the long chain nature of the hydrophilic groups of nonionic surfactants, they are found to produce better foams than anionic ones. Since VA/AA copolymers have long chain hydrophilic groups, it is not surprising that they are good foaming agents as well. Optical microscopy of VA/AA emulsions reveal that they form microscopic network surface structures, which are presumably due to liquid crystalline formation in macromolecular scale.
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