This review covers current analytical techniques, instruments, and methodologies used in the analysis of fluoride in various matrices. Our comprehensive literature search showed that there is no recently published review article about analytical methodologies for fluoride. In this review, we explore chromatographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical innovations appearing in the recent literature.
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease leads to negative effects on the individual's physical, psychological and cognitive conditions. Multi-sensory stimulation helps the patients to promote their physical, psychological and cognitive condition. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of multisensory stimulation on cognitive status of patients with Alzheimer's disease; they wereresidents of Fereshtegan center for people with Alzheimer disease during the year of 2012. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial performed on two groups of control and experiment. 52 subjects were selected through random sampling. The experiment group underwent 20 sessions of multi-sensory stimulation, each lasting 45 minutes. Data were collected through psychiatric records, a demographic questionnaire, and the brief questionnaire used for mental status examination. Results: Multi-sensory stimulation had a significant impact effect on the cognitive status of patients in the experiment group after several sessions of sensory stimulation test as compared to before the intervention and also in comparison with the control group. Cognitive status of the participants in the experimental group was improved. Also, the mean score of the brief mental status examination of the experiment group was significantly more than that of the control group, which shows that the intervention Conclusion: Multi-sensory stimulation can be an effective way to improve the cognitive state of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Further studies are recommended on different subjects with larger sample size to further confirm the results of this study.
Determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) in human blood plasma is important because of its role as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation in biological and medical sciences. In this work, a miniaturized graphene-based pipette tip solid-phase extraction technique was developed for very efficient extraction of MDA as its dithiobarbituric acid (TBA) adduct from human plasma. Two milligrams of graphene as sorbent were placed into a pipette tip and MDA-TBA compound was extracted and preconcentrated by it, after 4 repeated aspirating/dispensing cycles, then the column was eluted with 80 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide by 4 repeated aspirating/dispensing cycles and elusion was measured spectrofluorimetrically. Various effective parameters such as type and volume of eluent solvent, temperature, sample volume, number of cycles of extraction and desorption, derivatization reaction time, and pH of the sample solution were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, a linear calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0.5-90 μg L(-1) (r (2) = 0.991) with a detection limit of 0.3 μg L(-1). The relative standard deviations for 8 replicate measurements of 10 and 40 μg L(-1) of MDA were found to be 4.51 and 3.78 % respectively. The developed protocol was successfully applied to the determination of MDA in a human blood plasma sample. Graphical Abstract A simple graphene-based pipette tip solid-phase extraction of malondialdehyde from human plasma and its determination by spectrofluorometry.
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