We quantify the impact that a variety of galactic and environmental properties have on the quenching of star formation. We collate a sample of ∼ 400,000 central and ∼ 100,000 satellite galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (SDSS DR7). Specifically, we consider central velocity dispersion (σ c ), stellar, halo, bulge and disk mass, local density, bulge-to-total ratio, group-centric distance and galaxy-halo mass ratio. We develop and apply a new statistical technique to quantify the impact on the quenched fraction (f Quench ) of varying one parameter, while keeping the remaining parameters fixed. For centrals, we find that the f Quench − σ c relationship is tighter and steeper than for any other variable considered. We compare to the Illustris hydrodynamical simulation and the Munich semi-analytic model (L-Galaxies), finding that our results for centrals are qualitatively consistent with their predictions for quenching via radio-mode AGN feedback, hinting at the viability of this process in explaining our observational trends. However, we also find evidence that quenching in L-Galaxies is too efficient and quenching in Illustris is not efficient enough, compared to observations. For satellites, we find strong evidence that environment affects their quenched fraction at fixed central velocity dispersion, particularly at lower masses. At higher masses, satellites behave identically to centrals in their quenching. Of the environmental parameters considered, local density affects the quenched fraction of satellites the most at fixed central velocity dispersion.
The total infra-red (IR) luminosity (L IR ) can be used as a robust measure of a galaxy's star formation rate (SFR), even in the presence of an active galactic nucleus (AGN), or when optical emission lines are weak. Unfortunately, existing all sky far-IR surveys, such as the Infra-red Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and AKARI, are relatively shallow and are biased towards the highest SFR galaxies and lowest redshifts. More sensitive surveys with the Herschel Space Observatory are limited to much smaller areas. In order to construct a large sample of L IR measurements for galaxies in the nearby universe, we employ artificial neural networks (ANNs), using 1136 galaxies in the Herschel Stripe 82 sample as the training set. The networks are validated using two independent datasets (IRAS and AKARI) and demonstrated to predict the L IR with a scatter σ ∼ 0.23 dex, and with no systematic offset. Importantly, the ANN performs well for both star-forming galaxies and those with an AGN. A public catalog is presented with our L IR predictions which can be used to determine SFRs for 331,926 galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), including ∼ 129,000 SFRs for AGN-dominated galaxies for which SDSS SFRs have large uncertainties.
Context. The Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) has provided us with one of the deepest multi-wavelength views of the distant universe. The combination of multi-band photometry and optical spectroscopy has resulted in the identification of sources whose redshifts extend to values in excess of six. Amongst these distant sources are Lyα emitters whose nature must be deduced by clearly identifying the different components that contribute to the measured SED. Aims. From a sample of Lyα emitters in the GOODS-S field with uncontaminated photometry and optical (red) spectroscopy, we select a spatially compact object at a redshift of 5.563 (Lyα) that shows a second emission line, identified as N iv] 1486 Å. The SED is modelled in a way that accounts for both the N iv] line emission and the photometry in a self-consistent way.Methods. The photoionization code CLOUDY is used to calculate a range of nebular models as a function of stellar ionizing source temperature, ionization parameter, density and nebular metallicity. We compare the theoretical and observed magnitudes and search for the model parameters that also reproduce the observed N iv] luminosity and equivalent width.Results. A nebular model with a hot blackbody ionizing source of around 100 kK and a nebular metallicity of ∼5% of solar is able to fit the observed SED and, in particular, explain the large apparent Balmer break which is inferred from the pure stellar population model fitting conventionally applied to multi-band photometric observations. In our model, an apparent spectral break is produced by strong [O iii] 4959, 5007 Å emission falling in one of the IR bands (IRAC1 in this case). A lower limit on the total baryonic mass of a model of this type is 3.2 × 10 8 M . Conclusions. It is argued that objects with Lyα emission at high redshift that show an apparent Balmer break may have their SED dominated by nebular emission and so could possibly be identified with very young starbursting galaxies rather than massive evolved stellar populations. Detailed studies of these emission nebulae with large telescopes will provide a unique insight into very early chemical evolution.
The artificial neural network (ANN) is a well-established mathematical technique for data prediction, based on the identification of correlations and pattern recognition in input training sets. We present the application of ANNs to predict the emission line luminosities of Hα and [NII] λ6584 in galaxies. These important spectral diagnostics are used for metallicities, active galactic nuclei (AGN) classification and star formation rates, yet are shifted into the infrared for galaxies above z ∼ 0.5, or may not be covered in spectra with limited wavelength coverage. The ANN is trained with a large sample of emission line galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey using various combinations of emission lines and stellar mass. The ANN is tested for galaxies dominated by both star formation and AGN; in both cases the Hα and [NII] λ6584 line luminosities can be predicted with a scatter σ < 0.1 dex. We also show that the performance of the ANN does not depend significantly on the covering fraction, mass or metallicity of the data. Polynomial functions are derived that allow easy application of the ANN predictions to determine Hα and [NII] λ6584 line luminosities. An ANN calibration for the Balmer decrement (Hα/Hβ) based on line equivalent widths and colours is also presented. The effectiveness of the ANN calibration is demonstrated with an independent dataset (the Galaxy Mass and Assembly Survey). We demonstrate the application of our line luminosities to the determination of gas-phase metallicities and AGN classification. The ANN technique yields a significant improvement in the measurement of metallicities that require [NII] and Hα when compared with the function based conversions of Kewley & Ellison. The AGN classification is successful for 86 per cent of SDSS galaxies.
We derive the dependence of the fraction of passive central galaxies on the mass of their supermassive black holes for a sample of over 400,000 SDSS galaxies at z < 0.2. Our large sample contains galaxies in a wide range of environments, with stellar masses 8 < log(M * /M ⊙ ) < 12, spanning the entire morphological spectrum from pure disks to spheroids. We derive estimates for the black hole masses from measured central velocity dispersions and bulge masses, using a variety of published empirical relationships. We find a very strong dependence of the passive fraction on black hole mass, which is largely unaffected by the details of the black hole mass estimate. Moreover, the passive fraction relationship with black hole mass remains strong and tight even at fixed values of galaxy stellar mass (M * ), dark matter halo mass (M halo ), and bulge-to-total stellar mass ratio (B/T ). Whereas, the passive fraction dependence on M * , M halo and B/T is weak at fixed M BH . These observations show that, for central galaxies, M BH is the strongest correlator with the passive fraction, consistent with quenching from AGN feedback.
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