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Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of six-week continuous training (CT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and their associations with short-, mid-, and long-term memory in albino Wistar rats. Methods: In this study, 18 male albino Wistar rats (5 months old) were randomly assigned to three equal (n = 6) groups of sedentary control (SC), CT, and HIIT. Both CT and HIIT regimens were performed for 6 consecutive days per week for 6 weeks. Results: Both HIIT and CT regimens increased short-, mid-, and long-term memory, and the alterations were greater following HIIT than CT. In addition, both HIIT and CT regimens significantly increased SOD activity, with a higher elevation following HIIT than CT. Moreover, brain SOD activity positively correlated with short-, mid-, and long-term memory. However, neither CT nor HIIT had a significant effect on brain GPX and CAT activities. Conclusions: The HIIT regimen is highly potential, as opposed to the CT regimen, to improve memory function through a greater increase in the SOD activity of the brain.

In this study, a sensitive and selective sensor is constructed to measure the melamine (MEL) using molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) technique. Chemical and electrochemical techniques are used to construct the MIP and quantitative measurements. The constructed sensor was modified with GO-Fe3O4@SiO2 nanocomposite. Screening and optimization of factors are done using statistical methods, including Plackett–Burman design (PBD) and central composite design (CCD). Under the optimized conditions, an MIP sensor showed a linear range from 5.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−5 M MEL concentration with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9997. The limit of detection was obtained (0.028 µM) with a highly reproducible response (RSD 2.15%, n = 4). The electrochemical sensor showed good results for the determination of MEL in food samples.

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique using steel fiber coated with polypyrrole (PPY) was developed for UV-Vis determination of citalopram in blood serum. The coating was prepared using a three-electrode electrochemical system from an acetonitrile/aqueous (ACN/H(2)O) oxalic acid solution containing 0.01 M of pyrrole monomer by applying a potential range (0-1.3 V) for 25 min. In order to obtain an efficient film of PPY, experimental parameters related to the coating process were optimized, specifically deposition potential, concentration of monomer, and number of cycles. The effects of various parameters on the efficiency of the SPME process such as extraction time, stirring speed, adsorption and desorption temperature, desorption solvent, and pH of desorption solution were also studied. The coating was stable and adhered to the surface of the steel fiber. The method was linear over about three orders of magnitude with an average correlation coefficient of 0.97. Spiking of blank samples with 0.2 μg/mL citalopram afforded a recovery of 84% with a precision of 10.2%. A limit of detection of 0.046 μg/mL (based on S/N = 3) was obtained in the linear dynamic range of 0.046-2.0 μg/mL. The proposed method was applied to monitor citalopram in serum samples.

Over the last decade, polyoxometalates (POMs) have attracted extensive attention as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used for organic transformation. The most important feature of POMs is the possibility of the catalyst design at atomic/molecular levels. They could also be used as multifunctional catalysts, based on different metal atoms and heteroatoms in their structure, counter cations, and second structures. In this review, application of the Keplerate-type giant nanoporous isopolyoxomolybdate (NH4)42[Mo VI 72Mo V 60O372-(CH3COO)30(H2O)72], denoted {Mo132} was reviewed in the synthesis of many organic reactions as a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst, which significantly improved the synthesis condition of various organic reactions in the recent years from 2013 to 2019.

The perturbation of adipokinetic hormones, such as irisin, chemerin, and asprosin has been reported to participate in pathological conditions (e.g., insulin resistance) and chronic inflammation. However, exercise training has been long established as an effective intervention for prevention and treatment of these chronic and metabolic diseases. This study was to examine the effects of aerobic continuous training (ACT) and aerobic interval training (AIT) on irisin and chemerin levels of liver tissue (LT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), circulating asprosin, and their relationships with cardiometabolic risk factors in rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: normal control (N-Ctr), control (Ctr-MetS), ACT, and AIT. After familiarization, rats with exercise intervention performed either ACT or AIT five times a week over eight weeks. The level of irisin in both ACT and AIT groups was higher than the Ctr-MetS group in LT and VAT, with a greater improvement of LT level observed in AIT vs. ACT groups. Furthermore, the level of chemerin in LT and VAT was lower in both ACT and AIT groups than the Ctr-MetS group, whereas only AIT group exhibited a reduction of serum asprosin when compared to ACT and Ctr-MetS, along with the improvements of cardiometabolic markers, such as HOMA-IR and lipid profile. These findings may support the efficiency and effectiveness of AIT intervention in the modulation of these novel metabolic hormones and cardiometabolic risk factors for reduced risk of metabolic syndrome.

An imbalance in the production of PGC-1α and myokines impairs the energy expenditure, increases adipocyte and develops metabolic pathologies, but physical exercise is able to regulate the secretion of myokines through PGC-1α. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training vs. continuous training on serum Irisin levels and expression of skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene in male rats with metabolic syndrome. Methods: 32 Wistar male rats, with six weeks' age and weight 150-180 gr, randomly divided into two groups including standard diet (n=8) and high fat diet (n=24). They were then placed on a pre-exercise diet for 12 weeks. 24 rats from high fat diet group were divided randomly into two groups including metabolic syndrome control (Ctr+MS), continuous running (CT-MS) and Interval running (IT-MS). Continuous and interval training for eight weeks were performed on 65-75 and 80-100% of the maximum speed on the treadmill for mice, respectively. The ELISA method for measuring serum Irisin levels and real-time PCR method for expression of PGC-1α gene were used. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post-hoc test and Pearson correlation at P < 0.05 level. Results: After eight weeks of interval and continuous training, PGC-1α expression (P = 0.01 and P= 0.001) and serum levels of Irisin (P = 0.01 and P= 0.001) increased compared to the metabolic syndrome control group, and this increase was more evident in the interval group than the continuous group (P = 0.001). Muscle expression of PGC-1α was also positively correlated with serum Irisin levels in mice (P = 0.001, r = 0.8). Conclusion: It seems that the use of interval exercises can increase the expression of PGC-1α gene and Irisin as much as continuous exercise and possibly improve metabolic disorders in people with metabolic syndrome.

Objectives Secreted by white adipose tissue, asprosin is a newly recognized adipokine whose physiological function is not well comprehended. This study intended to determine the effect of spinning and stationary cycling on serum asprosin levels in overweight women. Methods Forty-five overweight women with BMI>25 kg/m2 in the age range of 30–40 years were assigned randomly to three groups of 15 participants: control, spinning (group cycling with music), and stationary bike (individual pedaling on a stationary bike). The participants performed the exercises three sessions per week for six weeks. Lipid profile and asprosin levels were measured by enzymatic and ELISA methods, respectively. Moreover, the paired t-test and one-way ANOVA were employed to make within-group and between-group comparisons, respectively. Results The stationary cycling and spinning exercise groups experienced significant reductions in weight, BMI, serum triglyceride, and asprosin levels from the pretest to the posttest. The control group showed no statistically significant differences. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein only declined in the spinning group. In this regard, neither the control group nor the stationary bicycle exhibited no significant change over time. The spinning group demonstrated a significant rise in high-density lipoprotein levels, which was not observed in the control group. In addition, there was no significant difference in WHR index between the intervention groups. Conclusions By lowering the serum asprosin level, a spinning exercise program appears to be effective in reducing disorders linked to metabolic diseases in overweight women.