The Stochastic nature of wind power can cause insufficiency of supply in electrical systems. Applying an energy storage system can alleviate the impact of wind power forecast error on power systems performance and increase system tolerance against deficiency of supply. This paper attempts to investigate a new unit commitment (UC) problem based on the cost-benefit analysis and here-and-now (HN) approach for optimal sizing of battery banks (BBs) imicrogrids (MGs) with wind power systems. To solve this problem, particle swarm optimization is used to minimize the total cost and maximize the total benefit. In this paper, 12 scenarios have been considered in the presence of BBs and without them in 2 operating modes: 1) stand-alone mode and 2) grid-connected mode. Using the HN approach, the uncertainty of wind power is applied as a constraint in these operating modes. The mathematical formulations related to the HN approach in MGs and its combination in a UC problem are presented in detail for optimal sizing of BBs. Simulation results show that the best sizes of BBs and the scheduling of distributed generations would be entirely different when the accessibility of wind power is taken into consideration by applying HN approach to the proposed probabilistic UC problem
Radiographic imaging has a significant role in the timely diagnosis of the diseases of neonates in intensive care units. The estimation of the dose received by the infants undergoing radiographic examination is of great importance, due to greater more radiosensitivity and longer life expectancy of the neonates and premature babies. In this study, the values of entrance skin dose (ESD), dose area products (DAPs), energy imparted (EI), whole-body dose, effective dose and risk of childhood cancer were estimated using three methods including direct method [using thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) chips], indirect method (using tube output) and Monte Carlo (MC) method (using MCNP4C code). In the first step, the ESD of the neonates was directly measured using TLD-100 chips. Fifty neonates, mostly premature, with different weights and gestational ages in five hospitals mostly suffering from respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia were involved in this study. In the second step, the values of ESD to neonates were indirectly obtained from the tube output in different imaging techniques. The imaging room, incubator, neonates and other components were then simulated in order to obtain the ESD values using the MCNP4C code. Finally, the values of ESD assessed by the three methods were used for calculation of DAP, EI, whole-body dose, effective dose and risk of childhood cancer. The results indicate that the mean ESD per radiograph estimated by the direct, indirect and MC methods are 56.6±4.1, 50.1±3.1 and 54.5±3.3 μGy, respectively. The mean risk of childhood cancer estimated in this study varied between 4.21×10(-7) and 2.72×10(-6).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.