Recently, there has been a development in transgenic technologies in many countries to meet nutritional needs of increasing worlds҆ population. However, there are some concerns about possible risks in the field of growing genetically modified (GM) food, such as threats of biodiversity and food allergies making their use a challenge. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the economic effects and political scopes of GM foods in production sector and policies made by different countries in the world and Iran. Moreover, essential (practical and legal) solutions and guidelines were provided for production and consumption of GM foods, which are useful for governmental entities, Iranian politicians, and consumers' rights. The latest situation of transgenic crops in the countries with which Iran has the highest exchange of agricultural products (including Turkey, Pakistan, and the European Union (EU)) was also studied. Although, Iran has been one of leading Asian countries not only in the field of transfer of technical knowledge of genetic engineering, but also in development of the specialized knowledge of biosafety, and despite production of several transgenic plant lines by Iranian researchers, unfortunately no GM crop has obtained release and cultivation license except for GM rice that its growing process was banned after change of government. According to findings of this study, in Iran, growing and production process of GM crops does not follow the global trend owing to scientific and legal infrastructures.
Transgenic technologies expanded in many countries regarding the nutritional needs of the increasing population. There are, however, some concerns about possible risks in growing genetically modified (GM) food such as threats of biodiversity and food allergies making it a challenge. This study aimed at examining the economic effects and political scopes of GM food in the production sector and policies made by different countries in the world and Iran. Moreover, essential (practical and legal) solutions and guidelines for GM food production and consumption are provided, which are useful for governmental entities and Iranian politicians and consumers' rights. transgenic technology has been accepted by high-rank farmers to produce genetically modified crops due to an increase in net profit caused by improved yield in spite of the high cost of transgenic seeds. Among 11 countries producing GM crops in the world in 2018, the USA is the first country followed by Brazil and Argentina at second and third ranks. In 2018, 78, 76, 30 and 29% of soybean, cotton, corn and canola production areas respectively were under cultivation of GM varieties. Although Iran has been one of the leading Asian countries not only in the field of transfer of technical knowledge of genetic engineering, but also in the development of specialized knowledge of biosafety, and despite the production of several transgenic plant lines by Iranian researchers, no GM crop has obtained release and cultivation license except for genetically modified rice that its growing process was banned after government change. This study implies that GM crops growing and production process does not follow the global trend owing to scientific and legal infrastructures.
The initial results deriving from the Iranian membership in the taskforce in addressing corruption and money laundering are participation in the formulation of instructions to fight corruption by the INTOSAI followed by other countries, participation at the INTOSAI meetings and utilization of other countries' experiences in dealing with corruption, formation of a taskforce to fight money laundering in the national court of account and formulation and communication of the audit framework for the auditors of other countries to control and fight corruption and money laundering. Also, the Islamic Republic of Iran (National court of account), applying international experiences and in order to confront corruption and money laundering as well as financial crimes has embarked on promoting its technicalspecialized knowledge of which one can refer to adopting a performance audit approach, reviewing the instructions, formulating the audit instructions, promoting the quality, implementing the electronic supervision, pathology of rules and regulations, supervising privatization in order to prevent the inflow of money with suspicious origin towards the economy. Furthermore, the national court of account, while prosecuting and punishing law and financial instructions violators, facilitating money laundering, presents the report on the budget bill followed with its views to the Islamic council parliament including an assessment of the impacts of the law on different related and interested groups, and attempts to provide some financial discipline. In fact supervision procedures of this organization in terms of the broad discretion in the field of financial supervision, contribute highly to the accomplishment of the financial transparency and some other networks in particular like banking, custom and tax networks. Especially, the supreme coordination council of the national supervision branches is chaired by the head of the court of account.
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