This paper presents a recent metaheuristic optimization approach of multi-verse optimizer (MVO) to design load frequency control (LFC) based model predictive control (MPC) incorporated in large multi-interconnected system. The constructed system comprises six plants with renewable energy sources (RESs). MVO is employed to determine the optimal parameters of MPC-LFC to achieve the desired output of the interconnected system in case of load disturbances. The presented system comprises reheat thermal, hydro, photovoltaic (PV) model with maximum power point tracker (MPPT), wind turbine (WT), diesel generation (DG), and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). The integral time absolute error (ITAE) of the frequencies and tie-line powers deviations is proposed as objective function. The effects of governor dead zone and generation rate constraint (GRC) of thermal plants are considered. The performance of the proposed MPC optimized via MVO is compared with the other designed via intelligent water drops (IWD) and genetic algorithm (GA). Additionally, the robustness of the proposed MPC-LFC based MVO with variation of the system parameters is presented. The obtained results confirmed the superiority and reliability of the proposed controller compared to the others.

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Constructing an equivalent circuit for the photovoltaic (PV) generating unit converging the real operation is a difficult process because of unavailability of some parameters. Many approaches have been conducted in this field; however, they have some problems in computational time and are stuck in local optima. Therefore, this study proposes a simple, robust, and efficient methodology-incorporated capuchin search algorithm (CapSA) to construct the equivalent circuit of the PV generating unit via identifying its parameters. The CapSA is selected as it is simple and requires less computational time in addition to exploration/exploitation balance that avoids local optima. The process is formulated as an optimization problem, which aims at minimizing the root mean square error (RMSE) between measured and simulated currents. A single-diode model (SDM), double-diode model (DDM), and three-diode model (TDM) of different PV cells and panels operating at either constant or variable weather conditions are constructed. A comparison to different programmed metaheuristic approaches is conducted. The best RMSE values obtained by the proposed CapSA are 2.27804E-04, 1.3808E-04, and 1.5182E-04 for SDM, DDM, and TDM of PVW 752 cell, respectively. For the KC200GT panel, the proposed approach achieved the best fitness values of 3.4440E-04, 1.5617E-03, and 6.6008E-03 at 25°C, 50°C, and 75°C, respectively. The obtained results confirmed the superiority and competence of the proposed CapSA in constructing a reliable equivalent circuit for the PV cell/panel.

Two field experiments were conducted during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons at Shandaweel Agriculture Research Station, Sohag Governorate, to study the effect of different rates of mineral NPK fertilization under foliar application with Nano NPK, on vegetative growth, yield and quality of onion. Split plot design with three replicates was used. Mineral NPK fertilization rates occupied the main plots (100% NPK, 75% NPK, 50% NPK and 25% NPK), whereas Nano NPK spraying rates (control, 2 L/fed, 4 L/fed and 6 L/fed) occupied the sub plots. The obtained results could be summarized as follow: (i) Application of 100% NPK gave the highest values of plant height while, application of 25% of NPK gave the lowest values, in the two seasons; (ii) Spraying with Nano NPK at rate of 6 L /fed appeared the highest values of plant height, whilst, spraying with water (control treatment) appeared the lowest values; (iii) Application of 100% of mineral NPK gave the highest values of total yield, while, application of 25% of NPK gave lowest values in both seasons; (iv) Spraying with Nano NPK at rate of 6 L /fed appeared the highest values of total yield/fed, whilst, spraying with water (control treatment) appeared the lowest values, in the two seasons; (v) The highest values of total yield/fed were obtained by using 75% mineral fertilization and spraying with Nano NPK at rate of 6 L/fed, in both seasons; and (vi) The highest values of exportable bulbs yield were obtained by using 75% mineral fertilization and spraying with Nano NPK at rate of 6 L/fed., while, the lowest values were obtained by application of 25% of mineral NPK and spraying with water (control treatment), in both seasons.