We performed a retrospective examination of the anteroposterior pelvic CT scout views of 419 randomly selected patients between April 2004 and August 2009 in order to determine the prevalence of cam-type femoroacetabular deformity in the asymptomatic population. The CT scans had all been undertaken for conditions unrelated to disorders of the hip. The frequency of cam-type femoroacetabular deformity was assessed by measuring the α-angle of each hip on the anteroposterior images. The α-angles were classified according to the Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Study. Among 215 male hips (108 patients) the mean α-angle was 59.12° (37.75° to 103.50°). Of these, a total of 30 hips (13.95%) were defined as pathological, 32 (14.88%) as borderline and 153 (71.16%) as normal. Among 540 female hips (272 patients) the mean α-angle was 45.47° (34.75° to 87.00°), with 30 hips (5.56%) defined as pathological, 33 (6.11%) as borderline and 477 (88.33%) as normal. It appears that the cam-type femoroacetabular deformity is not rare among the asymptomatic population. These anatomical abnormalities, as determined by an increased α-angle, appear to be twice as frequent in men as in women. Although an association between osteoarthritis and femoroacetabular impingement is believed to exist, a long-term epidemiological study is needed to determine the natural history of these anatomical abnormalities.

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Objective: Nidus Vespae (NV) is the honeycomb of Polistes Olivaceous, P. Japonicus Saussure, and Parapolybiavaria Fabricius. Previously, we have shown the extract and chemical fractions from NV demonstrated remarkable capacities of inhibiting the acid production of oral bacteria at subminimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) concentrations. In searching the most potent anti-caries compounds in NV, we further separated the NV Chl/MeOH fraction and obtained two purified compounds: quercetin and kaemferol. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of quercetin and kaemferol against S. mutans biofilm formation. Methods:The MIC, minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC 50 ) and minimum biofilm reduction concentration (MBRC 50 ) against Streptococcus mutans were examined for NV-derived of quercetin and kaemferol. The effectiveness of inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation was further examined using in vitro biofilm model. Results:Both quercetin and kaemferol compounds demonstrated anti-biofilm activities when compared to the negative control. They are capable of reducing biofilm dry-weight, total protein, viable cells measured by colony forming unit (CFU), insoluble and soluble glucans formation. The in situ culture pH was less acidic when the biofilms were treated by quercetin and kaemferol. The quercetin and kaemferol demonstrated comparable capability of S. mutans killing in biofilms, compared to chlorhexidine.