In this work, we propose a denoising scheme to restore images degraded by CCD noise. The CCD noise model, measured in the space of incident light values (light space), is a combination of signal-independent and signal-dependent noise terms. This model becomes more complex in image brightness space (normal camera output) due to the nonlinearity of the camera response function that transforms incoming data from light space to image space. We develop two adaptive restoration techniques, both accounting for this nonlinearity. One operates in light space, where the relationship between the incident light and light space values is linear, while the second method uses the transformed noise model to operate in image space. Both techniques apply multiple adaptive filters and merge their outputs to give the final restored image. Experimental results suggest that light space denoising is more efficient, since it enables the design of a simpler filter implementation. Results are given for real images with synthetic noise added, and for images with real noise.

We propose a denoising scheme to restore images degraded by CCD noise. Typically, restoration algorithms assume a linear mapping between the incident light space and image space. However, in practice a camera response function performs a non-linear mapping on the sensor output and as a result the sensor noise model becomes more complex in the image space. In this paper, we correct for non-linearity by mapping the corrupted image into "light space", where the relationship between the incident light and light space values is linear. To reduce the sensor noise we accurately model the CCD sensor noise by using the Photon Transfer Curve. We then develop a combination of adaptive filters based on the estimated noise model in light space. Our adaptive system demonstrates efficient noise removal performance in uniform regions, while preserving edges and fine details.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of magnetized ethanol-gasoline fuel blends on the vibration and sound status of a single-cylinder gasoline engine. Totally 36 tests were conducted including two factors: ethanol (with share of 0, 5, 10 and 20% blended with gasoline) and magnetic field intensity (0, 5300 and 7000 G) at three replications as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design. The sound signals of the engine at 10 cm distance from the driver's ear were recorded and its vibration was measured in Z direction. The results of statistical analysis of engine vibration and sound data showed a significant difference at 1% probability level between various fuel blends in all studied magnetic levels. The maximum sound pressure level with averages of 88.41 was belonged to pure gasoline and magnetic intensity of 7000 G and minimum value (78.94 dB) was belonged to 10% ethanol-gasoline blend and magnetic intensity of 5300 G. The driver can operate the engine for both 10–20% ethanol shares with all studied magnetic intensities without use of any ear protector. In the presence of magnetic field, vibration decreased by increasing ethanol up to 10%. The maximum amount of vibration in frequency domain obtained without using magnetic field. For 5300 G magnetic intensity, the least amount of vibration was observed at all frequencies.

The authors have withdrawn this preprint due to author disagreement.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of magnetized ethanol–gasoline fuel blends on the vibration and sound status of a single-cylinder gasoline engine. Totally 36 tests were conducted including two factors: ethanol (blended by gasoline with share of 0, 5, 10, and 20%) and magnetic field intensity (0, 5300, and 7000 G) at three replications as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design. The sound signals of the engine at 10 cm distance from the driver’s ear were recorded and its engine vibration was measured in Z direction. The results of statistical analysis of vibration and sound data showed significant effects of both factors on the vibration and sound signals. The maximum sound pressure level with averages of 88.41 belonged to pure gasoline and magnetic intensity of 7000 G and minimum value (78.94 dB) belonged to 10% ethanol in the blended fuel and magnetic intensity of 5300 G. The driver can operate the engine for 10–20% ethanol shares with all studied magnetic intensities without use of any ear protector. In the presence of magnetic field, vibration decreased by increasing ethanol up to 10%. The maximum amount of vibration in frequency domain obtained without using magnetic field. For 5300 G magnetic intensity, the least amount of vibration was observed for all frequencies.