Almost all phenomena and structures in nature exhibit some degrees of fractionality or fractality. Fractional calculus and fractal theory are two interrelated concepts. In this article we study the memory effects in nature and particularly in biological structures. Based on this fact that natural way to incorporate memory effects in the modeling of various phenomena and dealing with complexities is using of fractional calculus, in this article we present different examples in various branch of science from cosmology to biology and we investigate this idea that are we able to describe all of such these phenomena using the well-know and powerful tool of fractional calculus. In particular we focus on fractional calculus approach as an effective tool for better understanding of physics of living systems and organism and especially physics of cancer.Keywords: Fractional Dynamics; Memory Effect; Biological Structures; Physics of Cancer IntroductionThe concept of memory effect plays an important role in a large number of phenomena in different contexts and systems from biological structures to cosmological phenomena. For instance: memory effects in nanoscale systems [1,2], optical memory effect [3], gravitational and cosmological memory effect (which means: the induction of a permanent change in the relative separation of the test particles when gravitational radiation passes through a configuration of test particles that make up a gravitational wave detector) [4], memory effects in gene regulatory networks [5], memory effects in economics [6] have been investigated. In addition other kinds of memory effect including: shape memory effect [7][8][9][10], magnetic shape memory effect [11] and temperature memory effect [12] have been also considered in recent years. In all above mentioned references authors have used the standard calculus, however nowadays it is well-known that a natural way to incorporate memory effects in the modeling of various phenomena is using of fractional calculus. On the other hand almost all phenomena and structures in nature exhibit some degrees and levels of fractionality or fractality (low or high level or something between them), also nowadays it is well-known that there is a close relation between fractality and fractionality. In this work we investigate this idea that are we able to describe all of such these phenomena using the well-know and powerful tool of fractional calculus. Therefore for this purpose in the following, concepts of fractality and fractional dynamics are briefly reviewed respectively in Sec. 2.Then in Sec. 3 we introduce fractional calculus as a powerful tool for modeling of memory effects in different context and we present some important applications. At last, in Sec. 4, we will present some conclusions.
Following our previous works on fractional biophysical issues such as fractional dynamics of protein folding process and fractional dynamics of cancer cells and their branching processes, in this work we further develop these issues and propose a new fractional biomechanics of cancer cells. In this short note we present some promising models for future studies in biomedicine, including constant and variable order fractional Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models to study the mechanics of cancer cells. We also emphasize that fractional calculus will play a vital and central role in the understanding of the complexities that occur when we deal with the phenomena and processes in the realm of bioscience and biomedicine and particularly in physics of cancer.
Understanding biological complexity is one of the most important scientific challenges nowadays. Protein folding is a complex process involving many interactions between the molecules. Fractional calculus is an effective modeling tool for complex systems and processes. In this work we have proposed a new fractional field theoretical approach to protein folding.
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