The purpose of this study was to define the structures of the digits and hoof in Holstein dairy cattle by using computed tomography scan (CT scan). Transverse, sagittal and dorsoplantar CT images of two isolated cattle cadaver digits were obtained using a Siemens ARTX2 Somatom. The CT images were compared to corresponding frozen cross-sections. Relevant anatomical structures were identified and labelled at each level. The CT images provided anatomical detail of the digits and hoof in Holstein dairy cattle. Transversal images provided excellent depiction of anatomical structures when compared to corresponding frozen cross-sections. The information presented in this paper would serve as an initial reference to the evaluation of CT images of the digits and hoof in Holstein dairy cattle.
In order to understand the effect of the land use/cover change on the hydrologic regime of the Madarsu Basin in Golestan province of Iran, we selected the two floods of June 1964 and June 2003 with equal amount of rainfall but different rate of runoff. For these floods the closest time images of MODIS were selected. On these images we analyzed the land use/cover types and calculated their area and change rate between two floods. We also calculated the Curve Number (CN) for each land use/cover type according to the US Soil Conservation System (SCS) model. The results showed that: the intensity of the peak floods has increased from 1960 to 2002, and the natural lands of forests, rangelands, and bare lands have been decreased from 1960 to 2002. While the agricultural lands showed increase during the same period. The CN value has also increased during the study period causing the decrease of moisture retention capacity of the soil. As a result, despite the equal rainfall, the discharge rate of 2003 flood was about 10 times larger than that of the 1964 flood, which is the direct effect of the land use/cover change from the stable forests and rangelands to the unstable agricultural lands on the both soil moisture retention capacity and run off rate.
The application of Geographical Information system (GIS) in modeling flood and its prediction in catchments offers considerable potential. Several examples illustrate simple GIS techniques to produce flood hazard indices or its zonation using hydrologic-type models. Existing flood models can also be loosely coupled to a GIS, such as the HMS (Hydrological Modeling System) model. Forethermore, models can be fully integrated into a GIS by embedded coupling, such as the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) model. Installation of flood forecasting systems in watersheds with incomplete hydrometric data may reduce the flood-induced damages. In this study Geographical Information system used to up to date the watershed data and estimation of SCS model parameters which is sensible to considered the real time flood forecasting in Kasilian catchment of Mazandaran province. The main aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of the linkage between GIS with a comprehensive hydrologic model, especially HMS. The use of GIS could produce a suitable agreement between observed results (extracted rainfall and runoff data of 1992, 1995 and 1996 from the related stations) with the calculated results of the hydrological model. The obtained results from rainfall-runoff process simulations of the model in this research showed that submergibility of the main watershed, Kasillian, does not depend on the outlet discharge rate of each one of its watershed independently. But it is related to how those two outlet hydrographs from main river watershed are combined. The model is capable of showing the flood characteristics temporally and spatially in each cross section of the channel network.
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