Environmental abiotic and biotic factors are important in controlling soil CO2 efflux in forest ecosystems of different ages, as they play an important role in soil respiration. In understanding the spatial and temporal variation of soil CO2 efflux after several years of forest logging, there is a need to quantify the changing soil properties, environmental factors, and the total above and below ground biomass. This study was conducted in a 50-year old recovering tropical lowland forest in Peninsular Malaysia, measuring soil CO2 efflux using the continuous open flow chambers technique connected to a multi gas-handling unit and infrared gas analyser. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal variation of soil CO2 efflux in relation to changes in soil properties, environmental factors and forest carbon in a recovering forest. The efflux rates of about 389.20, 634.78, 564.81, 537.92 and 428.72 mg m−2 h−1, respectively, varied across the days and months, increasing from February and attaining the maximum in March and then gradually decreasing from April to June. The soil properties revealed a considerable amount of soil organic carbon, total organic carbon, and soil organic carbon stock, while the total above ground biomass, below ground biomass, soil pH, nitrogen to carbon ratio were found to provide nutrients for microbial activities in soil and to emit soil CO2. The multiple linear regression model indicated that the soil temperature and moisture explained the spatial and temporal variation in soil CO2 efflux; likewise, the changes in the soil properties and forest carbon significantly increased the soil CO2 efflux indicating a strong positive correlation (R 2 = 0.93).
Urbanization is a major event in human history and there is no doubt the world is urbanizing rapidly and this is resulting in changes in temperature. This research aims is to identify changes in land surface temperature (LST) between 2000 and 2018. The technique used is the Landsat TM. The result of the land cover classification revealed a +15.93% increase in built-up areas, -27.21% decrease in vegetative cover, +11.19% increase in bare land and +0.09 increase in water bodies between 2000 and 2018. NDVI analysis showed a +0.02 and +0.17 increase in the maximum and minimum range and a +2.16 and -7.76 increase and decrease in maximum and minimum temperature respectively for LST. The finding revealed that the repelling of vegetative cover by built-up is an evidence of rapid urbanization taking place in Kaduna metropolis and a major driver of UHI in Kaduna metropolis. Conclusively, there is a correlation between the various land covers of study i.e built-up, vegetative cover, bare land and water body and LST in Kaduna metropolis between 2000 and 2018. Likewise, urban development has a major impact on urban climate particularly in the increase in land surface temperature which in turn contributes to the development of urban heat. This is true because changes in urban land cover tend to alter the spectral signature and emissivity of the urban surface as observed using remote sensing. The researcher suggests further studies should focus on the assessment of UHI under different land cover and micro-climate in Kaduna metropolis.
Forest harvesting is expected to have an impact on soil CO2 efflux as it influence soil properties and changes in microclimatic conditions which can have implications on the regional carbon balance. Soil CO2 efflux was measured using a continuous open flow chambers technique connected to a multi-gas-handling unit and infrared CO2/H2O gas analyser. Soil temperature, soil moisture, water potential, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), Soil Organic Carbon stock (SOCstock), Bulk density and pH were examinedto ascertain their contribution onsoil CO2 efflux and effect ofenvironmental factors in a canopy gap created through the logging of groups of trees in the Sungai Menyala forest, Peninsular Malaysia.
Ecotourism is an approach that should be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable.For this reason, monitoring and evaluating the ecotourism destination is very important. A good practice is using an indicator system for planning and applying ecotourism models that emphasis on the sustainability approach. Ranking and prioritising of sustainabilitycriteria and indicators facilitates evaluating the situation of the destination by managers. The purpose of this study was to prioritizing and ranking the sustainability criteria and indicators for monitoring and assessment of ecotourism management in Penang National Park, Malaysia. A Fuzzy Analytic hierarchical process (FAHP) was used for prioritizing 9 criteria and 21 indicators from four dimensions of 'ecological', 'social', 'economic' and 'institutional' which obtained from a modified Delphi survey. Five experts from academic and non-academics had provided their judgment for the prioritizing process.Ecological dimension had the highest priority and institutional dimension had the least priority. Conservation of biodiversity, community economic improvement and visitor safety had the highest priorityin the ecological, economic and social dimensions respectively. Prioritised criteria and indicator in this study can help managers and stakeholders in monitoring decision making of different sustainability issues in the national park.
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