Nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSN) are resource and energy-constrained because they are generally batteries powered and therefore have limited computational capability. Due to the less secure environment in WSN, some malicious nodes at one point can tunnel packets to another location to damage the network in terms of packets dropping and eavesdropping and this is a so-called wormhole attack. Many of the current protocols solve the wormhole attack problem in isolation from the node energy consumption. However, some other proposed solutions consider reducing the energy consumption to detect such attacks but still it is needed to probe better performance. In this paper, we present a lightweight multi-hop routing protocol for 802.15.4 WSN that aims to minimize the energy consumption and also to detect the wormhole attacks. Simulation results prove that our MAC Centralized Routing Protocol (MCRP) outperforms other existing similar protocols.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a cluster of wireless mobile gadgets that creates a temporary network without seeking support from any infrastructure or central management. Energy consumption should be considered as one of the foremost vital limitations in MANETs because the mobile nodes do not possess a constant power supply and its shortage will minimize the network's lifetime. MANETs get energy from the batteries which get exhausted very quickly because of issues like node mobility, computation power, frequent data retransmissions needed in wireless communication, etc. Secondly, there is a data packet loss caused by different reasons such as traffic congestion or random loss as a result of nodes mobility or noise. This data loss, in turn, would delay packets delivery degrading data transmission in real-time applications. This paper provides management for this combination of major problems in MANETs. We present a new fitness function (FFn) used in the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to obtain the optimized route from those routes offered by the Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. Accordingly, we propose a routing protocol titled as AOMDV with FFn (AOMDV-FFn). We also integrate the AOMDV mechanism with the genetic algorithm (AOMDV-GA). These protocols provide an optimization process to select the efficient routes that have the highest fitness values implementing the shortest route, maximum residual energy, and less data traffic even if a random loss of data packets happens. In this regard, we introduce a mechanism where the TCP Congestion Control Enhancement for Random Loss (TCP CERL) can be utilized in the FFn to optimize the efficient route. The performance of the proposed mechanisms is compared with other preferred protocols proposed in this area. INDEX TERMS congestion control, energy-efficient protocol, fitness function, genetic algorithm, mobile ad hoc network, multipath routing, shortest distance.

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