Oriented attachment is the key: Single crystalline ZnO nanorods with lengths up to 500 nm could be prepared in a stepwise manner from quasi‐spherical nanoparticles. Only after the formation of pearl‐chain‐like structures (left), do the aggregated particles fuse upon heating to form nanorods (center and right).

New approaches to synthesize photostable thiol-capped CdTe nanocrystals are reported. Post-preparative sizeselective precipitation and selective photochemical etching have been developed as methods providing an increase of photoluminescence quantum efficiency of the nanocrystals of up to 40%. Some advantages of thiol-capping in comparison to conventional organometallic syntheses of quantum dots are discussed.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) burns fatty acids for heat production to defend the body against cold and has recently been shown to be present in humans. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) transport lipids in the bloodstream, where the fatty acid moieties are liberated by the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Peripheral organs such as muscle and adipose tissue take up the fatty acids, whereas the remaining cholesterol-rich remnant particles are cleared by the liver. Elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations and prolonged circulation of cholesterol-rich remnants, especially in diabetic dyslipidemia, are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, the precise biological role of BAT for TRL clearance remains unclear. Here we show that increased BAT activity induced by short-term cold exposure controls TRL metabolism in mice. Cold exposure drastically accelerated plasma clearance of triglycerides as a result of increased uptake into BAT, a process crucially dependent on local LPL activity and transmembrane receptor CD36. In pathophysiological settings, cold exposure corrected hyperlipidemia and improved deleterious effects of insulin resistance. In conclusion, BAT activity controls vascular lipoprotein homeostasis by inducing a metabolic program that boosts TRL turnover and channels lipids into BAT. Activation of BAT might be a therapeutic approach to reduce elevated triglyceride concentrations and combat obesity in humans.

Highly monodisperse CdSe nanocrystals were prepared in a three-component hexadecylamine−trioctylphosphine oxide−trioctylphosphine (HDA−TOPO−TOP) mixture. This modification of the conventional organometallic synthesis of CdSe nanocrystals in TOPO−TOP provides much better control over growth dynamics, resulting in the absence of defocusing of the particle size distribution during growth. The roomtemperature quantum efficiency of the band edge luminescence of CdSe nanocrystals can be improved to 40−60% by surface passivation with inorganic (ZnS) or organic (alkylamines) shells.Chemically grown CdSe nanocrystals (also referred to as quantum dots) are probably the most extensively investigated object among semiconductor nanoparticles since the introduction of the concept of the "size quantization effect" in the earlier eighties. 1,2 This is caused to a large extent by the existence of a very successful preparation method for highquality CdSe nanocrystals, i.e., arrested precipitation in high boiling mixtures of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and trioctylphospine (TOP). 3,4 The term "high-quality quantum dots" has been recently defined as follows: 5 the achievement of desired particle sizes over the largest possible range, narrow size distributions, good crystallinity, desired surface properties, and in the case of luminescent materials, high quantum yield. CdSe nanocrystals prepared by the TOPO-TOP route and size-separated after synthesis meet all these requirements apart from the lastshigh luminescence quantum yield, which does not exceed 5-15% for as-prepared particles. 6-8 The luminescence quantum efficiency can be sufficiently improved by growing heteroepitactically an inorganic shell of the wide-band gap semiconductor around the particles. 6-9 The conventional techniques used for the wide-band gap shell growth, however, allow us to prepare only very small amounts of core-shell nanoparticles. Another problem of the TOPO-TOP synthesis is the irreproducibility of the growth dynamics and the shape of the CdSe nanocrystals conditioned by an uncertain composition of the coordinating solvent. Technical grade TOPO (90%, Strem or Aldrich), for instance, provides better conditions for the growth of CdSe nanocrystals than distilled TOPO. 10 Recent developments of the organometallic synthetic routes to II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals included an introduction of hexylphosphonic acid to the TOPO-TOP mixture 10-12 and use of hexadecylamine (HDA) as the capping agent for pure and doped ZnSe nanocrystals. 13,14 Taking into account the growing demand on highly luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals for light-emitting devices 15-17 and tagging applications, 18,19 we tried to improve the conventional organometallic TOPO-TOP synthesis by introducing an additional coordinating component (HDA) to the TOPO-TOP mixture. In this mixture focusing of the size distribution is observed during particle growth so that no postpreparative size-selective precipitation is required. The surface of as-prepared CdSe nanocrystals can be passivated wi...

Controlling anisotropy is a key concept to generate complex functionality in advanced materials. For this, oriented attachment of nanocrystal building blocks, a self assembly of particles into larger single crystalline objects, is one of the most promising approaches in nanotechnology. We report here the 2D oriented attachment of PbS nanocrystals into ultra-thin single crystal sheets with dimensions on the micrometer scale. We found that this process is initiated by co-solvents which alter nucleation and growth rates during the primary nanocrystal formation and finally driven by dense packing of oleic acid ligands on {100} facets of PbS. The obtained nanosheets can be readily integrated in a photo-detector device without further treatment.Controlled assembly leading to anisotropic nanostructures poses a conceptual challenge in materials research. Penn and Banfield [1, 2] described crystal growth, in which oxide nanoparticles coalesce in well defined crystalline orientations. Their method of oriented attachment of nanocrystals is now one of the most favorable techniques to grow linear or zig-zag-type one-dimensional nanostructures. In addition to strong size quantization effects occurring in these structures, their big advantage is solution processability making them attractive candidates for optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications in low-cost integrated systems. One-dimensional assemblies of oriented attachment have been reported, and in most cases the anisotropy during self-assembly is caused by crystal planes with preferred reactivity and dipole moments in the crystallites. Systems with cubic crystal symmetry, however, like PbS and PbSe, where beautiful one-dimensional oriented attachment occurs, are somewhat more difficult to explain. Oriented attachment, in this case, should result in three-dimensional networks rather than one-dimensional structures. The common explanation assumes that despite the strict monodispersity of the samples inhomogeneities in the chemical composition of surface planes exist and result in dipole moments within the nanocrystals. On the other hand organic ligand molecules play a crucial role in such processes by capping nanoparticle surfaces selectively and may hinder, modify, or trigger an oriented attachment [3]. In this work we show that the formation of ordered and densely packed ligand surface layers of oleic acid on {100} PbS surfaces can drive the normally isotropic crystal growths into a two-dimensional oriented attachment of nanocrystals. Hereby the presence of chlorine containing co-solvents during the initial nucleation and growth process of the nanocrystals plays a prominent role.

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We demonstrate the controlled growth of high aspect ratio anatase TiO2 nanorods by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) in oleic acid (OLEA) as surfactant at a temperature as low as 80 degrees C. Chemical modification of TTIP by OLEA is proven to be a rational strategy to tune the reactivity of the precursor toward water. The most influential factors in shape control of the nanoparticles are investigated by simply manipulating their growth kinetics. The presence of tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium hydroxides as catalysts is essential to promote fast crystallization under mild conditions. The novelty of the present approach relies on the large-scale production of organic-capped TiO2 nanocrystals to which standard processing of colloidal nanocrystals, such as surface ligand exchange, can be applied for the first time. Concentrated colloidal titania dispersions can be prepared for a number of fundamental studies in homogeneous solutions and represent a new source of easily processable oxide material for many technological applications.