An Internet of Things-network (IoT-network) allows for the communication of data both within the network and to data hubs. However, the usefulness of the data depends on its ability to be interpreted correctly. For metrology data, effective use of the data is only possible if the numerical value, associated unit and uncertainty, expressed in a standard format, are also available. In order to develop, provide and distribute a formal framework for the transmission of metrology data on the basis of the International System of Units, European project EMPIR 17IND02 SmartCom was agreed between the European Commission and the European Association of National Metrology Institutes (Euramet). The SmartCom project aims to provide the methodological and technical foundation for the unambiguous, universal, safe and uniform communication of metrological smart data in the IoT and Industry 4.0. The project will increase the industrial capabilities and the provision of regulations for data exchange in the IoT. It will also assist countries within the European Union (EU) and those with an association agreement with the EU in developing products that are able to communicate in IoT environments worldwide. In addition to describing the general ideas and aims of the project, this article presents the research results achieved in the first midterm period.
The goal is to describe the structure of administration for the control of infectious diseases in the German states. Internationally there is an increasing risk of potentially global transmission of infectious diseases and therefore increasing need for improved control mechanisms which are viable locally, regionally and internationally. The international public health community must ensure that responses to infectious disease with a potential impact on more than one county entail concerted action, clear communication and decision making by diverse administration agencies. Given Germany's federal structure, the 16 states have differing protocols delineating responsibilities for infection control systems. This paper provides an overview, going into detail only with regard to the administration structure in Hesse. In 2001, the German law governing infectious disease control was amended and significantly expanded. With regard to protection of humans from infectious disease, each state must define its schedule of responsibilities on the resulting scope of duties. Each state in Germany has entrusted the local public health service at the county level with the responsibility for infection prevention and control. As a rule, at the state level both an expert agency and one or more district administration agencies have been installed; these work directly with the Ministry of Health at the state level. In addition to this, Hesse has established a "centre of competence for highly contagious diseases." In the event of an infectious emergency, this network provides special treatment of highly infectious patients and expertise for public health services and the Ministry of Health on a 24-h shift basis. In times of ongoing structural transformation, it is important to emphasize that expertise at the state level is not an alternative to maintaining enough specialised personnel in the public health services themselves. Specialized practitioners are needed to ensure professional and fast-acting responses, both for the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
Environment impacts caused by PV systems can be divided into two categories:-impacts from production of the components of a PV system; -impacts from the daily operation of the PV systems.
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