The noise term of GPS phase data can be calculated from the measured carrier-to-noise power density ratios (C/NO). The C/NO values are used in the proposed SIGMA-s model to calculate the variance matrix of double-differenced GPS phase data. Examples show the capability of this model to yield higher accuracies for GPS surveys than the use of the standard weighting scheme. Most importantly, the SIGMA-e model allows the use of noisier phase data from very low elevation satellites to overcome poor satellite geometry problems.
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