A bentonite sample from the Petreş ti deposit, Cluj County (Romania), was used to remove heavy-metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, Cr3+) from wastewaters. A representative sample of bentonite (P) was characterized using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, wet chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The bentonite deposit from Petreş ti is present at the contact between Upper Jurassic limestones and basaltic andesites with subordinate basalt bodies. These rocks are composed of clay minerals (mainly smectite), with opal, quartz, feldspar and mica/illite as minor phases. The bentonite sample was used in powdered form (d < 0.2 mm) without any chemical treatment. The influence of the working regime, static and dynamic, on the process efficiency was studied using monocomponent synthetic wastewaters containing Cd, Pb and Cr ions. The bentonite sample proved to be efficient for the removal of these heavy-metal ions; removal efficiencies up to 100% (lead removal) were achieved.
Several surface investigation techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), EDX, and optical microscopy, were employed in order to describe the mineral contents in several geomaterials. Space and time resolved optical emission spectroscopy was implemented to analyze the plasma generated by the laser–geomaterial interaction. The values of the plasma parameters (velocity and temperature) were discussed with respect to the nature of the minerals composing the geomaterials and the morphological structure of the samples. Correlations were found between the excitation temperatures of the atomic and ionic species of the plasmas and the presence of calcite in the samples. A mathematical model was built to describe the dynamics in ablation plasma using various mathematical operational procedures: multi structuring of the ablation plasma by means of the fractal analysis and synchronizations of the ablation plasma entities through SL (2R) type group invariance and in a particular case, through self-modulation in the form of Stoler type transformations. Since Stoler type transformations are implied in general, in the charge creation and annihilation processes, then the SL (2R) type group invariance become fundamental in the description of ablation plasma dynamics.
ABSTRACT. Volcanic tuffs out cropping in Măcicaş area (Cluj County) have been investigated and tested for their ammonium removal capacity. The zeolitic volcanic tuffs from Măcicaş are mainly represented by vitric and vitric crystal tuffs. In this region, significant amounts of volcanic glass in the pyroclastic sequence have been replaced by zeolites (between 50-80 %). The main zeolite species identified in volcanic tuffs from Măcicaş is clinoptilolite and subordinately mordenite. The zeolitic tuff samples considered in zeolitic sodium form (labeled M1-Na and M2-Na) are tested in ammonium removal experiments. The ammonium ions were completely removed from 0.0716g/dm 3 NH 4 + solution onto 10g of zeolitic material in static regime. In dynamic regime, the ammonium ions were completely removed after 250 ml and 500 ml solution passed on M1-Na and M2-Na sample respectively. Also the zeolite exhaustion takes place after more than 1500 ml solution is processed in both cases. The ionic exchange properties suggest that the zeolitic tuff of the Măcicaş region can be used as a final stage (following the biological process) in wastewater treatment plants in order to assure compliance with environmental standards.
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