This scoping review aimed to identify current evidence and gaps in the field of long-term space nutrition. Specifically, the review targeted critical nutritional needs during long-term manned missions in outer space in addition to the essential components of a sustainable space nutrition system for meeting these needs. The search phrase “space food and the survival of astronauts in long-term missions” was used to collect the initial 5432 articles from seven Chinese and seven English databases. From these articles, two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts to identify 218 articles for full-text reviews based on three themes and 18 keyword combinations as eligibility criteria. The results suggest that it is possible to address short-term adverse environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies by adopting effective dietary measures, selecting the right types of foods and supplements, and engaging in specific sustainable food production and eating practices. However, to support self-sufficiency during long-term space exploration, the most optimal and sustainable space nutrition systems are likely to be supported primarily by fresh food production, natural unprocessed foods as diets, nutrient recycling of food scraps and cultivation systems, and the establishment of closed-loop biospheres or landscape-based space habitats as long-term life support systems.
Most design research studies using sketch maps as a data source [2,7,17] have not produced generalizable design principles possibly due to the lack of a reliable multi-sited evaluative framework. The author proposed a sketch map assessment rubric based on the speculated development of spatial knowledge from declarative, procedural, hierarchical, topological, configurational, to projective [12, 17, 22]. The rubric postulated these 6 stages as parallels of landmark, path, edge, district, pattern, and diagram. A pattern here denotes a gestalt-like network comprising landmarks, paths, edges, and districts in Lynch's [17] terms. A diagram refers to an abstraction of a pattern. Two raters scored 55 sketch maps sampled by the author from 8 cities to test the rubric's inter-rater reliability. To generate rubric-based coherence indicators, the author recoded their ratings according to 3 scoring schemes: Scheme A hypothesized that all stages were distinctly different; scheme B posited no distinction among topological, configurational, and projective types when participants' graphic representational capacities were not significantly different; scheme C postulated that all types beyond declarative and procedural components belonged to the overarching category of survey knowledge characterized by relations of spatial components. To validate these indicators as identifiability measures, the investigator used internal consistency reliability tests to triangulate them with other measures produced by 2 other raters based on the identifiability of 55 sketch maps. The results suggested that topological, configurational, and projective knowledge types were not significantly different. Graphic production skill differences could thus be ignored in this sample. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using behavioral geography and design theories to generate reliable and valid coherence indicators from sketch maps as a reliable data source. This approach could potentially enable researchers to quantify the coherence of sketch maps for multi-sited design studies.
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